Comparing hardy extract and the times article Essay

In ‘Far from the Madding Crowd’, the author put great emphasis into using nature to describe the effects of the storm. The cleaving of the tree shows the storm’s power and ferocity. The author also uses the actions of the neighbouring wild life to show their reaction towards the storm. They are fearful of the storm, â€Å"galloping about in the wildest maddest confusion†. Their chaos is shown as they â€Å"fling their heels and tails high into the air, their heads to earth†. In ‘The Times’ extract, most of the focus is on the uses of the visual and auditory senses to heighten the experience of the rollercoaster ride. It is easy to imagine the writer’s experience though the ways that she portrays every detail of the rollercoaster, from â€Å"trundling away† off the rollercoaster, to the â€Å"hurtling through space†, to the â€Å"drawing back towards the platform†. She describes the â€Å"Tchika, tchika, thicka†¦ † of the carriages clinking against each other as she approaches the zenith. You can relate to the way she feels as she trundles off, â€Å"like an egg in a carton†. When she reaches the pinnacle, she describes the merry-go-rounds â€Å"no bigger than musical boxes,† its coaster tracks â€Å"like Meccano toys†. The ‘Times’ article also puts emphasis into the uses of the narrator and of the man behind her. The story is in first person narrative format. The narrator tells the story exactly how she sees it through her own eyes. She tells of every vision, sound, emotion and feeling. The narrator adds life to the experience, telling us her thoughts and fears, â€Å"Oh my God! Had I got as high as that? † The other character in this piece is the man sitting behind her on the rollercoaster. He dissolves all her confidence in an instance when he tells her, â€Å"That’s the sc-a-a-a-riest seat†. He adds depth to the ambience of the experience. In ‘Far from the Madding Crowd’, Hardy uses the contrast of light and dark to make the scene seem eerie. The light is described as â€Å"intertwined undulating snakes of green† embedded into the surrounding darkness. Another form of light is from the candle shining in Bathsheba’s bedroom. Also â€Å"a blue light appeared in the zenith†. The use of chiaroscuro is present here in presenting the dark form. The extract starts with light, but ends with black. In ‘Far from the Madding Crowd’, the use of language and sentence structure has depth and profundity to it. The â€Å"dance of death† is the surreal supernatural description of the storm, with â€Å"skeleton†¦ shaped with blue fire for bones†. The â€Å"dead, flat blow† reminds us the danger of the storm. The â€Å"mailed army† is a vision of a war against the elements. There are semantic clusters, like in death and battle. The writer uses superlatives to convey and craft his ideas, such as â€Å"most extra†,†wildest maddest†, and â€Å"unparalleled†. Hardy uses very dramatic vocabulary. He often uses personification, metaphors and similes. His sentence structure is strong, â€Å"heaven opened then indeed†. He has a strong use of discourse markers. In ‘The Times’ article, the author uses vivid language that best describes her visions and feelings at the time. â€Å"And then the horizon vanished†. The story goes form a rather enjoyable and pleasant feeling to sudden chaos. The anxiety and fear of the writer, which was mildly present, totally changes once she begins to descend. The writer fears that she will faint, as she feels the safety bar will not hold her. There is a contrast between the use of language in the beginning and near the end. The sentence structure is normal, with roughly same amount of words in each sentence. She often uses personification, metaphors and similes to convey her experience. She has a strong use of discourse markers. The structure of ‘Far from the Madding crowd’ is linear, ands follows on form beginning to middle to end in a very straightforward fashion. The structure of ‘The Times’ piece is similar to that of ‘Far from the Madding Crowd’ in the way that it has a linear structure, but the main difference is that there are four segments. The first segment is before the rollercoaster, and then before and leading up to the pinnacle, then the â€Å"free fall† and leading to the end, then actually ending and getting off the rollercoaster.

Chinese investments and business Essay

For more than ï ¬ ve years now, China has been the most important trade partner of Africa (OECD, 2011). Its growing investments in the African continent show the deï ¬ nite long-term interest that the Asian country has in Africa. When comparing the manner and the effectiveness of doing business in Africa of Chinese companies and of western companies, a lot of differences can be found. These divergences can help us better understand why Chinese ï ¬ rms are being more successful in Africa than European and American ï ¬ rms but also why they continue to be so eager to multiply and deepen their business partnerships in Africa. The particularities of the  « Chinese way  » to do business in Africa that enhance this growing investing trend can be assembled in three general characteristics of the Africa-China relations: the long-term relationship that was built between China and African countries over the years, the efï ¬ cient model used by Chinese companies to cultivate a good image in the eyes of the African people and the important role played by the Chinese government through diplomatic efforts. 1. Africa and China, in good terms since 1955. At the Bandung conference in 1955, China has allied with the newly independent African countries in order to resist agains any form or colonialism or neocolonialism. This ï ¬ rst contemporary step reï ¬â€šects the position that China has since been adopting: allying with African countries by showing them that China is  « on their side  » and helping them ï ¬ ght the western hegemony. By positioning on their side and emphasizing their common interest and similarities in resisting the western world, China has gained a great trust in Africa. This process was greatly catalyzed by the actions of  the Chinese government from the 1960s till today. On the other side, complicated diplomatic relations between the African and the western countries have made it more difï ¬ cult for the European and American companies to do business in Africa. Indeed, political leaders from the West have had negative behaviors with African leaders and people, only emphasizing the poverty, the instability and the lack of democracy of this continent and underrating Africa’s potential for business (Rieff, 1998). In fact, companies from the Western world were only pushed by their leaders to invest in Africa in the 1990s, when these latter started to realize the performances of Chinese ï ¬ rms in Africa (Sautman & Hairong, 2007). On this side, we see clearly that the Western countries are late compared to China and still suffering from their image of neocolonialists. Furthermore, it is interesting to see that China has been paying more attention to the longterm consequences an interests, when investing in African countries. On the other side, the western countries as seen by the Africans as investing selï ¬ shly and only looking for rapid expansion without caring about the long-term consequences for Africa and its people. Also, when looking at Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, we observe that China and many African countries are similar on certain dimensions such as individualism (low) and power distance (high), which could make it easier for Chinese companies to invest in Africa. Nonetheless, the success and the attraction of China in Africa seems to have deeper explanations, and some authors suggest that a true  « Chinese model  » exists when it comes to its commercial activities on the African continent (Li, 2005). This speciï ¬ c method of investing in Africa is made possible for Chinese ï ¬ rms through China’s philosophy to encourage foreign direct investments (FDI) and with the help of all the Chinese savings. 2. A more efï ¬ cient model, a better image, a better business environment. Since the beginning, China was able to  « play on the same side  » as African countries as they can relate to some similarities in their history. Indeed, both African and Asian countries, except for Japan and Korea, were developing countries not to long ago, after suffering of decades of colonialism from the Western countries. In this sense, China, which is the best developed of the  « South  » countries can then show the way to African countries and understands the situation there far better than the Occidental countries do. To go even further, some authors argue that increased trade and investment from China is reducing the African dependence on the US and other Western countries: it is then seen as  « mutually beneï ¬ cial  » (Itano, 2005) It is because of that mutual understanding and beneï ¬ t that Chinese companies see Africa as a less risky proposition. These companies have understood how to do business in Africa and how to overcome the risks of that continent. At ï ¬ rst, it could look like Chinese, American and European companies are doing business in the exact same way: they all extract resources such as oil and buy tax materials from Africa, while exporting other consumer goods. However, China seems to be more selï ¬â€šess when doing it. Chinese companies, thanks to their still cheap manufacturing force, is able to export goods to Africa that are way cheaper than the ones from Western countries, and sometimes even cheaper than the local African goods (Donnelly, 2005). Moreover, Chinese companies seem to have understood that to improve their business relationship with African stakeholders, they have to really contribute to the development of the country in which they operate. While the Western companies have an image of only improving the GDP of the nations in which they !do business, only looking at their interests, pretend to be helping African countries because they help them grow. However, the main difference between Chinese and Western way of investing is that the ï ¬ rst one has been helping Africa to develop while the second one has only brought growth but no real  development. The Chinese companies seem to have done more to help industrialism grow in the different African countries where they operate. According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, in 2009, 29% of China’s FDI to Africa went to the extractive industries but it represented 60% of U.S. FDI . During the same year, the CEIP reported that China had invested more in manufacturing, and in African jobs, than the U.S did (Proctor, 2013). Chinese companies have found that helping the African countries to develop and to industrialize, while providing low-cost technologies to their African partners (Muekalia, 2004) allowed them to build better relations with these partners and get more connections locally, which seems to be essential she doing business in Africa. The last characteristic of this Chinese model is very interesting and it has to do agin with the similarities between the two cultures. While western expatriates in Africa show a very negative image of their countries, this is not the case at all for the Chinese workers. These latter appear to have a closer lifestyle to the African people than the workers and businessmen from Europe and North-America. The have similar living conditions, are not privileged over the African employees and do not demand indecent salaries. On the other side, the Western executives and workers, even among Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) seem to have an exploitative behavior and take advantage of their position (Wainaina, 2006). This type of behavior can, without any doubt, be called neocolonialism, and this is what makes Western companies loose the trust an collaboration of their African partners. This altered relation between Western and African companies create an even riskier environment for the ï ¬ rst to business on the second’s territory. Nevertheless, Chinese’s good behavior and long-term earned respect allows its companies to enjoy good relations and an easier business environment. This important difference, however, is not only imputable to the Western companies actions, but particularly to the wrong strategies of their  governments, completely opposed to China’s diplomatic strategy. 3. Efï ¬ cient diplomatic efforts from the Chinese government. Indeed, as it was said before, the diplomatic efforts of the Chinese government in Africa are more than 50 years old. The best example for this is the Tanzania-Zambia railway project, implemented by China during the 1960s and the 1970s, and which was made possible through the help of around ï ¬ fty thousand workers from China ( Hall & Peyman, 1976). This is the perfect example of the way China has been doing diplomacy in Africa for the past half century: it brings help without trying to force things and knowing that they will get something in return. In the opposite, E.U. and the U.S. have always attached conditions to their help in  Africa, demanding changes from their governments and forcing different legal and economic reforms. Indeed, these governments have continuously tried to force their western conception of democracy into the African countries, while pushing for more deregulation and privatization. This obsession for democracy, coupled with an almost unhidden neocolonialist desire to  « educate  » the African people has pushed the Western leaders into complicated relationships with the African people and has deteriorated their image in the continent. Today, some of the Western governments start to see their mistakes and realize that their strategy has not been the right one and has made investing in Africa even more complicated for their ï ¬ rms. When she was still Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, ex- declared that the U.S. ï ¬ rms should look for  « sustainable partnerships in Africa that add value rather than extract it.  » (Salvaterra, 2012) However, these countries still have a long way to go, as they have been using international treaties that have weakened African nations (Nunn & Price, 2004) and that are seen as  « promoting an aggravated form of worldwide unequal exchange  » (Sautman, B & Hairong, Y, 2007). China, on the other side, has been promoting infrastructure, human capital and other long-term investment, while Western countries have been promoting only primary products and ï ¬ rst-aid. China’s government has never given any ofï ¬ cial political support, while keeping smooth relationships with the African leaders, which is a deep difference with the U.S. and the E.U. This difference seems to be the most obvious when it comes to aid in Africa. Western countries’ aid is called  « tied aid  », meaning that the aid will only provided in certain conditions, which will beneï ¬ t the stakeholder performing the aid. For example,when a U.S. passes a contract with an African developing country, it ties the ï ¬ nancial aid it will provide to this African country to the obligation to use this money to buy goods from American ï ¬ rms or non-proï ¬ t organizations. Chinese aid, on the contrary is mostly  « untied  ». The best description of this divergence of strategies between China and the Western countries seem to be described by Julius Nyere (1974), when he declared that  « the Chinese people have not asked us to become communists in order to qualify for this loan†¦ They have never at any point suggested that we should change any of our policies  ». Conclusion The main reason why it is easier for Chinese ï ¬ rms to do business in Africa than for other ï ¬ rms seem to be contained in this quote. China has been building a positive relationship with African countries, where both parties are winning and where Africa’s free agency is taken into account and even valued. The Chinese diplomats and companies have managed to lower the risk of corruption and of change from the African people by building a good image in their eyes and becoming  « friends  » with them. On the other side, Western ï ¬ rms still suffer from these risks of corruption as they rarely beneï ¬ t from a trust-based relationship in the African countries, which is crucial when trying to work around this problem. By having neocolonialist behaviors and building win-lose situations instead of win-win situations, they made it even worse for them to do business in Africa.

See instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

See instructions - Essay Example According to John Elkington, the best framework to measure performance and maintain sustainability in organization is the triple bottom line. The triple bottom line is defined as the accounting framework and structure which consist of three parts such as financial, ecological and social. Several businesses has implemented triple bottom line framework within the organization to evaluate and estimate its performance. John Elkington coined the triple bottle line which takes in to account the environmental and social performance of organization. Three measures of triple bottom line introduced by Elkington include people, planet and profit. In case of people, it includes favourable and reasonable business performs. According to the theory of triple bottom line, planet can be measured by the lessening of environmental effect and usage of sustainable environmental performs. The profit of organization can be measured by evaluation of economic value which is formed by the business. Elkington argued that it is vital for organization to change their focal point on finance to the environmental, economic and social impact of the company. The prime purpose of the project is to provide detailed analysis about the concept of the triple bottom line. Furthermore, the paper also discussed about the complications of measuring environmental and social influences towards a business. In 1994, John Elkington coined the triple bottom line. The argument of Elkington is that every organization should be prepared to measure three bottom lines such as profit, planet and people. The triple bottom line is defined as the implementation of actions and policies to measure the environmental, social and financial effect on organization (Adrian, 2000, p.18). Moreover, this framework helps to regulate the feasibility of organization for being sustainable. There is no secret that the environment of business and world is altering. Therefore, it is vital

Business Management and Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Business Management and Organizational Behaviour - Case Study Example Worse than this, in some cases in encouraging revenues to come through a particular gaming station, some team members have resorted to bad practises such as giving away drinks and free accommodation which results in a net loss for the organisation as a whole. In addition to the animosity created between teams at the organisational level, it has also become apparent that that the bonus system has created a culture of blame within individual teams. As has been demonstrated with the case of Laura, where teams have failed to achieve the bonus, individual members of the team have sought to make certain members of the team a scapegoat, blaming the individuals for the inability of the team as a whole to win the bonus. As such, this may be seen as a costly problem for the casino which has already lost a team member due to the public disgracing of the team member who was held responsible for the loss of bonus due to a refusal to engage in what other may see as unethical practises. Other key p roblems which may be seen in the casino relate to the individual relationships which exist amongst owners, managers and family members. For instance, in the incident with Laura, Ron who has sought to make use of a personal relationship between himself and his uncle in order to facilitate the outcome of Laura either leaving or engaging in the unethical style behaviour in which Ron himself has made use of in the past. This is an issue which Jennifer as a responsible agent will now find increasingly difficult to deal with. For instance, should Jennifer choose to criticise Ron’s actions and take appropriate actions, one consideration is that Jennifer may worry that Ron will similarly seek to make use of his personal relationship with his uncle so as to counteract...In informing the outcomes of the report, the report has made use of several sources of data including, the material presented in the case study as well as references to the appropriate models and frameworks as presente d in the academic literature on organisational behaviour, management and leadership. Having considered the facts of the case study one can see that there are a wide number of issues to be addressed from an organisational behaviour perspective, many of which spring from the current bonus system. In addition to the animosity created between teams at the organisational level, it has also become apparent that that the bonus system has created a culture of blame within individual teams. Having analysed the case study, it would seem that the fundamental problem is that the motivational methods being made use of are creating animosity between rival teams and internal team members within each of the gaming teams. As such, the recommendations of this report are that the current bonus system should be scraped and that the casino should look for alternative ways of trying to encourage each team to maximise revenues from its customers. In implementing the recommendations, the report recommends that in the immediate term the current bonus system should be suspended with immediate effect. It is evident from the case study that at present the bonus system is causing conflict amongst the teams and resulting in sub-optimal profitability for the business as a whole.

Personal Engagement with the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Engagement with the Media - Essay Example Initially, I used to watch movies as a family norm. they were for entertainment puposes only. However, I have grown to understand movies better and learnt that there is so much to more that I can gain. Sometimes, watching a movie leaves me inspired. Other times, a movie becomes a revealing moment that leaves me feeling overwhelmed. This self-reflection essay will focus on my personal engagement with the media. People watch movies for various reasons. However, they do it on their own volition. Movies play a critical role in peoples lives. Sometimes I may feel unmotivated. I just look for an inspirational movies and watch it. therefore, I personally engage with media and highly associate my emotions with the power of movies to entertain, inspire, mystify, amaze, arouse, and inform. Some movies are highly criticized by people. At times, I have heard people argue that certain genre of movies is boring. However, I am not easily influenced by people’s opinion about a movie. This is because I find myself enjoying almost every movie I watch. Moreover, I believe that every movie is made with a purpose. Sometimes, the purpose is easily understood. In other times you have to watch a movies several times to understand the message relayed. Moreover, movies play a great role in satisfying my emotional needs. Movies continue to play an important role. I think that most people, I included, watch movies because they want to feel something. There is something that movies offer that cannot be obtained from the real world. I was amazed when one of my friends who had lost his mother in a car accident invited me to his house.He blamed himself for the accident since

Describe how membrane structure is related to the transport of Essay

Describe how membrane structure is related to the transport of materials across a membrane and the role of membrandes in the synthesis of ATP in either respirat - Essay Example The alignment of these phospholipids along the cell membrane is tail to tail, so that these non polar areas form water repellant, hydrophobic regions on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, while the polar heads are hydrophilic and allow solvents to pass easily through. Lipids and proteins are not however likely to seep through the bilayer unless they first give up the favorable interactions with hydrogen molecules present in water before they can cross the membrane. The greater the degree to which a protein or lipid molecule is hydrophilic, the larger it is and therefore less likely to cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion. (Gray et al, 2002) The interaction between non polar lipid tails that limits membrane fluidity is due to the action of the Van der Waals forces, which are increased by increasing length of the lipid tails (Gray et al, 2002). It is the hydrophobic effect that results in the rapid self assembly of the lipid bilayers when exposed to water since protein folding takes place through the clustering of the hydrophibic residues in the core of the protein in order to prevent contact with water. However, this structure of the cell membrane is not rigid, because the forces holding the bilayer together are weak, non-covalent interactions which allow for fluidity of the membrane. The outer surface of the cell membrane is rich in glycolipids, while the hydrophobic tails are embedded within the cell. The heads which are exposed outside the cell function in association with the carbohydrates attached to the integral proteins in allowing the cell to determine which materials belong to the organism and which materials are foreign, against which an immune defense must be sparked. Water, carbon dioxide and oxygen are transported across the cell membrane through a simple process known as diffusion or Osmosis, where the

Using Your Manager Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Using Your Manager Skills - Research Paper Example Most companies are using sustainability as a key component in their business strategies. Consumers have also increased their demand for companies to be attentive to their environment of operation. The price of petroleum-based packaging plastics has continued to rise leading to a decline of its competitive advantage over biodegradable packaging material. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) foresees a continued increase in the prices of the plastics in the coming year (Pekhtasheva, & Neverov, 2012). This will boost the marketability of the biodegradable material. Simply Green Products Company has capitalized this market trend and established product chain of biodegradable packing materials. Valued at $10 million, the company produces packing material for pears, apples and peaches that orchards use in the Shenandoah Valley. For its marketing, Simply Green Products has adopted the name SafePack to imply the biodegradability of the material. The eco-friendly agricultural that is e mphasized by lobby groups has contributed to the market advantage of SafePack over the non-biodegradable packing material. However, there have been recent internet campaigns that argued that SafePack is not biodegradable. The environmental group, SafePack Materials Pollute, which is behind the campaign, argues that SafePack materials cause environment pollution due to seepage into surface waters. The group campaign is done on the internet where fruit producers are discouraged from buying SafePack materials. The issues raised by the group touch on the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA). It is necessary to assess the environmental concerns raised by the environmental group against the relevant laws so that the company can devise strategies to safeguard its market. The claims made by the lobby are critical to the reputation of Simply Green Products. However, for such claims to be considered valid under the law, they

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Compare and contrast - Essay Example As this is a new induction in the particular market of the geographic domain so the word ‘Introduction’ has been written in a bold type so as to make people aware that the car is a new one and must be looked at by all and sundry. Also the advertisement shows the car with a man (human element) at the top portion of the advertisement while the body copy is fitted in the bottom half where one smaller photograph of the said car is pasted. In the body copy of the advertisement, the car’s features have been detailed so as to make a reader get noticed about them. The background of the whole advertisement has been kept as black and on that the font color for both the tag line and the copy is white with shades of bold type in the heading portions. The name of Renault with its model ‘Le Car’ has also been put at the very bottom of the print advertisement so that the balance is retained within the advertisement and a person is made aware of the company when he t ries to exit his mind and eye from the print advertisement. The body copy has discussed the car’s different features, its performance, fantastic ride, its being the city car as well as its price thus offering the potential customers of the car a complete package in the whole print advertisement. This second advertisement is of Alpine car audio systems in which a $125,000 Lamborghini has been shown in the center of the print advertisement. This is also a magazine advertisement as the body copy is more than in a usual newspaper advertisement, which relies more on artwork and slogan (the tag line) than anything else. The advertisement has detailed the body copy at the bottom in a two-column format where its details have been provided but the font size is too small for an on-looker to see from a distance and comprehend. It is only when a person closely reads the advertisement that he gets the point that what is there in the advertisement for him or her. As the

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Article Critique - Essay Example In the article, author mentions that the Taksim Park has seen many changes and social movements during different periods of the twentieth century. Once the area housed Armenian cemetery and St. Gregory church; however, the cemetery was demolished, and on its area, and surrounding properties now stands the Gezi Park, Istanbul Radio building and many luxurious hotels, including Hilton. According to the author Taksim , in its present form, designed by the urban planner Henri Post, presents a vibrant section of the city and symbolizes modern Istanbul. The author in her article states that the current Prime Minister wants to destroy the symbol of Istanbul, and build in its place a shopping mall in the fashion of 19th century artillery barracks of Ottoman Empire. People consider that in taking such a decision Prime Minister acted as an authoritarian ruler who wants to revive Muslim elite culture in a secular country. A peaceful sit-in protest against uprooting of trees from a park created turbulence in the political arena of a country spreading a wave of violent protests across the country; was the author able to describe the underpinning cause of this incident? From the title of the article, one would imply that the author is conveying a message that Taksim Park incident should be an example that, in the 21st century, a leader cannot use the state power to change country’s environment. In the modern century, people’s concerns over the balance of development and degradation of environment cannot be ignored any more. The author very precisely portrayed the sentiment of a large cross section of the Turkish society through the sentence â€Å"Erdogan's and other government officials' apparent contempt for and vilification of the protesters, and their seeming indifference to their concerns (Watenpaugh 1).† In the first paragraph, the author concludes that movement shows deep discontent of Turkish society against Erdogan’s authoritarian governme nt, but the author does not provide an analysis of this conclusion based on facts. Instead, the author provides links to different articles on the Internet, so the reader reads the articles to establish the validity of author’s conclusion. The author uses this method repetitively in all over the article. This is perhaps the weakest side of the article. However, the author successfully explains that re-creation of 19th century Ottoman military barracks, which once were destroyed, and naming a planned third bridge over Bosphorus after controversial 16th century Sultan Selim indeed portray the current government as neo-Ottoman Muslim elite. The article contains 10 paragraphs. In these paragraphs, the author failed to explain whether the article intends to present to the audience that the Taksim protest describes people’s concerns over urban development at the cost of environmental sacrifice, or it describes the protest against the authoritarian behavior of Erdogan’ s government. The motive in this case is the protest against the uprooting of trees, but the cause is political, rooted deep in the society. Though author implied it, but failed to explain it explicitly. Author’s commentary in the article, â€Å"through a series of highly contested lawsuits, the municipality managed to appropriate the cemetery from the Armenian

Orange County Essay Example for Free

Orange County Essay After California passed a proposition limiting revenue generated from local property taxes, pressure was put on local governments to raise enough money to fund services. Orange County, like many others in the US, attempted to raise revenue without increasing taxes. Their treasurer, Robert L. Citron, decided to get involved with a high risk high reward product. He chose to invest in derivatives and gamble with public money. Because interest rates were low at the time, Citrons portfolio was returning at an average rate of 8. 52%. This was 5% higher than what the state of California was earning. Orange County was enjoying the benefits of their treasures investments. In 1994, 35% of the countys revenue was from the portfolios returns. The county continued to increase earnings and therefore no one looked into Citrons practices. He did inform the Board of Supervisors that the value of the county’s portfolio depended on interest rates remaining stable or decreasing. So when interest rates rose, the value of the portfolio diminished, eventually leading to bankruptcy. In December 1994, Orange County announced a loss of $1. 6 billion, the most significant loss recorded by a local government investment pool. This also displayed the negative side of the high risk investments made by Citron who was gambling with a $7. 5 billion portfolio made up of players such as cities, school, water works, and regional transportation. [1] There were many factors that led to the bankruptcy of Orange County. A Board of Supervisors member stated that there was a lack of oversight (not an accountable system) and failure of disclosure to investors. Citron also never met with the investment oversight committee that did exist, and as treasurer he had control over Orange County and their trust. Many have questioned if Citron was ever qualified to hold his position in office. Some even blame the state government. Originally they used to fund local governments, but when they started taking back they were taking $6. 5 million more than they were giving them. Before the county declared bankruptcy, an investor; First Boston, was selling its collateral because they saw that the countys portfolio was declining. This was a hint that problems were around the corner because soon many investors would realize this and pull out. In response, bankruptcy was declared so that the funds would freeze and banks would not be able to liquidate the collateral. Another responsible party was Merrill Lynch, the countys financial advisor. The purpose they serve is to protect the interests of the county. They did warn Citron about the volatility of the investments however they still bought him the same funds and underwrote a bond issue for $600 million. The warning was only sent to Citron and not to the Board of Supervisors. A lawsuit was filed in 1995 against Merrill Lynch by Orange County. [2] Besides the power he held over the county, another reason for the bankruptcy was Citrons use of leveraging. As a leveraged fund, it could borrow money to increase its securities portfolio. Citron was able to leverage $7. 57 billion into $20. 5 billion. In essence, when the investment produces a high return rate, the stockholders will have a very high rate of return. On the other hand, if the investment produces a low return rate, the stockholders will have a very low return. They also used longer term maturities which makes it more sensitive to changing interest rates. So there is a high leverage risk as well as interest rate risk. [3] Duration is interest rate sensitivity and because Citrons portfolio depended on interest rates it is a good measure. Because the portfolio used median term maturities over short term maturities to increase their return, the duration increased. In December 1994 the duration was 2. 74 years. With the leverage ratio at 2. 73, the actual portfolio duration was 7. 4 (2. 74*2. 73). When the interest rates rose in 1994, the estimated loss using duration was $1. 85 million, a little more than the actual amount. interest rates went up about 3. 5 and 5 year bond yield was 5%) VaR could also have been used to find some risks of the portfolio. VaR is a statistical technique used to measure and quantify the level of financial risk within a firm or investment portfolio over a specific time frame. Value at risk is used by risk managers in order to measure and control the level of risk which the firm undertakes. The risk managers job is to ensure that risks are not taken beyond the level at which the firm can absorb the losses of a probable worst outcome. investopedia definition) The portfolio was sensitive to interest rates so a change in the rate can be used in 3 simulation methods and the only impactive factor. Using a historical simulation approach, the VaR equals $1. 24 billion. This is lower then the actual value but it is also using past prices to determine the future. In the delta normal method VaR is calculated as $1. 21 billion. This is a little less accurate then the historical method. The best way in theory to calculate Var would be using the Monte Carlo Simulation. However in this situation it treats the portfolio as one asset and equals about $1 billion. Because none of these prove to be reliable enough, a exponentially weighted moving average can be used to improve the accuracy of VaR. What it does it give more weight to recent data then older data. [4] As a result of the bankruptcy many unfortunate consequences arose. Of course there was the $1. 6 billion in debt that needed to be re-payed to investors. Additionally the lawsuit against Merrill Lynch was draining funds from the community with no promising chance of recovery. The once perfect rating that Orange County held was now downgraded to a default rating by Standard Poor. There were also many political consequences regarding the county and county officials. If the risk of the portfolio was taken into consideration by the appropriate parties, the entire situation could have been avoided. Unfortunately the power to stop Citron was in the hands of Merrill Lynch who did not take the appropriate action. The County also failed to monitor and assess the deal which puts several more people at blame for the bankruptcy.

International Civil Aviation Organisation Icao Engineering Essay

International Civil Aviation Organisation Icao Engineering Essay The term aviation means the art or science of flying. In the earlier centuries, developments in the field of aviation technology were minimal. In fact, after the 1900s, the developments in aviation technology took a new turn and dimension. As a result of this, each new phase in aviation development was rather short-lived as inventions lined up rapidly and created newer phases. In India, the aviation industry is rapidly growing with the private airlines owning more than 75 percent of the domestic market. Aviation Laws A conference was held at Chicago (Chicago Convention) in 1944 with 54 nations participating in it. The main objective of this conference was to make arrangements for the immediate establishment of provisional world air routes. This convention established the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), a specialised agency of the United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel. Due to the nature of travel, an aviation law is considered as a matter of international law. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rules the applied aspects of the flight. Whereas in the international domain it is the ICAO that provides general rules regarding the aviation law. The basic principles of the international air law are: Territorial sovereignty: Every State has the right to permit or deny entry into its territory. It also has the rights to control all the movements within the territory. National airspace: The territory of a sovereign State is three dimensional. It includes the airspace above its national lands, its internal and territorial waters. Freedom of the seas: It is free to navigate on the surface of the high seas. Nationality of aircraft: Aircraft have the characteristic of nationality. Articles The Chicago Conventions contain many articles that state the various rules and regulations. Some of them are: Article 1: Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over airspace above its territory. International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO ICAO nurtures the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. It adopts standards and practices regarding: Air navigation Infrastructure Flight inspection Prevention of illegal interference Assistance of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation The main objective of ICAO is to regulate civil aviation matters throughout the world. It includes nationality registration of aircraft, documentation certification, standardisation of procedures, financial, technical and statistical services and lastly the freedoms of the air. The ICAO functions through 18 annexes covering different areas in the International Air transport business. Annex 1 Personnel Licensing This annex provides standards and recommended practices for the licensing of flight crew members such as pilots, flight navigators and flight engineers. It also provides standards for air traffic controllers, aeronautical station operators, maintenance technicians and flight dispatchers. Annex 2 Rules of the Air A set of internally agreed rules of air makes air travel safe and efficient. This annex contains visual flight rules (VFR) and instrument flight rules (IFR) developed by ICAO. These rules can be applied without exception over the high seas and national territories to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules of the State being overflown. The aircraft pilot is responsible for compliance with these rules. Annex 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation While flying pilots need to be regularly updated about the meteorological conditions. This annex outlines the meteorological services in order to contribute safety, efficiency and regularity of air navigation. This is achieved by providing necessary meteorological information to operators, flight crew members, air traffic services units, search and rescue units, airport management and others concerned with aviation. Close liaison is essential between those supplying meteorological information and those using it. Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts Maps or charts play an important role in the field of aviation. Charts are used as a navigational aid for the safe performance of air operations. The aeronautical charts provide a convenient medium for supplying this information in a manageable, condensed and coordinated manner. Annex 5 Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations This annex speaks about the units used in communication between the aircraft and the ground stations. It contains an ICAO table of units essentially based on the metric system. It also contains four additional interim tables of units for use by those States unable to use the primary table. Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft To ensure highest levels of safety and efficiency in international air transport all the operations should be standardised. The purpose of this annex is to provide criteria for safe operating practices in order to have safe international air navigation. It also encourages ICAOs contracting states to facilitate the passage over their territories of commercial aircraft belonging to other countries that operate in conformity with these criteria. Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks This annex deals with an aircrafts nationality and registration marks. It also classifies aircraft based on for how long they can maintain sustained flight in the air. Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft An aircraft should be designed, constructed and operated keeping in mind the requirements of the State of Registry of the aircraft. Every aircraft fit to fly is issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness. This annex contains standards for the recognition by States of Certificates of Airworthiness for the purpose of flight of aircraft of other States into and over their territories thereby achieving, among other things, protection of other aircraft, third parties and property. Annex 9 Facilitation The Chicago Convention derives several provisions for the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) on Facilitation (FAL). Annex 9 specifies methods and procedures for carrying out clearance operations in such a manner as to meet the twin objectives of effective compliance with the laws of States and productivity for the operators, airports and government inspection agencies involved. It provides reference for planners and managers of international airport operations, describing maximum limits on obligations of industry and minimum facilities to be provided by governments. Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications This annex covers the aeronautical communications, navigation and surveillance elements of International Civil Aviation. Annex 11 Air Traffic Services This annex defines the air traffic services and specifies the worldwide standards and recommended practices applicable in the provision of these services. Annex 12 Search and Rescue This Annex provides a set of internationally agreed Standards and Recommended Practices to rapidly locate and rescue survivors of aircraft accidents. Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Detection of the cause of an aircraft accident or serious incident is a must in order to prevent repeated occurrences. A properly conducted investigation helps to identify the causal factor. This annex states that the main objective of the investigation of an accident or incident is prevention. It provides international requirements for the investigation of aircraft accidents and incidents, which are written in a simple format so that it can be understood by all participants in an investigation. Annex 14 Aerodromes This annex extends from planning of airports and helicopters to details of switch-over times for secondary power supply; from civil engineering to illumination engineering; from provision of sophisticated rescue and fire fighting equipment to simple requirements for keeping airports clear of birds. The impact of these numerous subjects on the annex is compounded by the rapidly changing industry which airports must support. This annex changes rapidly due to the introduction of new aircraft models, increased aircraft operations, operations in lower visibilities and technological advances in airport equipment. Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services The Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) plays an important role in supporting the International Civil Aviation. The main objective of the AIS is to ensure the flow of information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation. This annex defines how an aeronautical information service shall receive and/or originate, collate or assemble, edit, format, publish/store and distribute specified aeronautical information/data. The goal is to satisfy the need for uniformity and consistency in the provision of aeronautical information/data that is required for the operational use by international civil aviation. Annex 16 Environmental Protection This annex deals with the protection of the environment from the effect of aircraft noise and aircraft engine emission. Annex 17 Security This annex speaks about the ICAO civil aviation security programme and seeks to safeguard civil aviation and its facilities against acts of unlawful interference. The annex is primarily concerned with the administrative and coordination aspects, as well as with technical measures for the protection of the security of international air transport. It also seeks to coordinate the activities of those involved in security programmes. Annex 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air This annex specifies the standards and recommended practices to be followed for the transportation of dangerous goods. Dangerous cargo that may be explosive, corrosive, flammable, toxic and even radioactive is transported world wide for a variety of industrial, commercial, medical and research requirements and processes. ICAO recognises the importance of this type of cargo and has taken steps to ensure that such cargo is carried safely.

Getting a job done Essay -- essays research papers

Getting a Job From I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings My room had all the cheeriness of a dungeon and the appeal of a tomb. It was going to be impossible to stay there, but leaving held no attraction for me, either†¦. The answer came to me with the suddenness of a collision. I would go to work. Mother wouldn’t be difficult to convince; after all, in school I was a year ahead of my grade and mother was a firm believer in self-sufficiency. In fact, she’d be pleased to think that I had that much gumption, that much of her in my character. (she liked to speak of herself as the original â€Å"do-it-yourself girl.†) Once I had settled on getting a job, all that remained was to decide which kind of job I was most fitted for. My intellectual pride had kept me from selecting typing, shorthand, or filing as subjects in school, so office work was ruled out. War plants and shipyards demanded birth certificates, and mine would reveal me to be fifteen, and ineligible for work. So the well-paying defense jobs were also out. Women had replaced men on the streetcars as conductors and motormen, and the thought of sailing up and down the hills of San Francisco in a dark-blue uniform, with a money changer at my belt, caught my fancy. Mother was as easy as I had anticipated. The world was moving so fast, so much money was being made, so many people were dying in Guam, and Germany, that hordes of strangers became good friends overnight. Life was cheap and death entirely free. How could she have the time to think about my academic career? To her question of what I planned to do, I replied that I would get a job on the streetcars. She rejected the proposal with: â€Å"they don’t accept colored people on streetcars.† I would like to claim an immediate fury which was followed by the noble determination to break the restricting tradition. But the truth is, my first reaction was one of disappointment. I’d pictured myself, dressed in a neat blue serge suit, my money changer swinging jauntily at my waist, and a cheery smile for the passengers which would make their own work day brighter. From disappointment, I gradually ascended the emotion ladder to haughty indignation, and finally to the state of stubbornness where the mind is blocked like the jaws of an enraged bulldog. I would go to work on the streetcars and wear a blue serge suit. Mother gave me her support with one of her usual terse asid... ...ouble when you pack double.† She stayed awake to drive me out to the car barn at four thirty in the mornings, or to pick me up when I was relieved just before dawn. Her awareness of life’s perils convinced her that while I would be safe on the public conveyances, she â€Å"wasn’t about to trust a taxi driver with her baby.† When the spring classes began, I resumed my commitment with formal education. I was so much wiser and older, so much more independent, with a bank account and clothes that I had bought for myself, that I was sure that I had learned and earned the magic formula which would make me a part of the gay life my contemporaries led. Not a bit of it. Within weeks, I realized that my schoolmates and I were on paths moving diametrically away from each other. They were concerned and excited over the approaching football games, but I had in my immediate past raced a car down a dark and foreign Mexican mountain. They concentrated great interest on who was worthy of being student body president, and when the metal bands would be removed from their teeth, while I remembered sleeping for a month in a wrecked automobile and conducting a streetcar in the uneven hours of the morning.

The Fast Food Health Scam Essay -- Health, Nutrition

For decades the fast-food industry has supplied Americans with tasty, comforting food, quickly and for a low cost. It was not until recently, when the health craze first hit America in the late 1980’s that the corporations developed a new approach to marketing health food products to fit their customer’s wants (Nielsen 450). Even the most common fast food chains, such as McDonalds and Subway started advertising â€Å"healthier† food items on their menus to continue appealing to the general public. In order to maintain significant market share of the industry, fast food companies must entice people of all ages and advertise alternative menu options, even if the nutrition content does not support the messaging. While fast food restaurants give the impression of offering healthy food, nutritionist studies show healthy alternatives are not as nutritious as advertised (Chandon 85). The reality is Fast Food companies hoax their costumers into believing the fast-food ad vertised is healthier but do not provide enough nutritional information for them to make educated decisions. The advertising technique of persuasion leads to false impressions of a product, much like the advertisement claims of selling healthy fast food. In â€Å"The Indictments Against Advertising† by Courtland L. Bovee and William F. Arens, both authors of business and contemporary advertising textbooks, briefly discuss advertising’s effect on the consumer. They also showcase business strategies, in this case the fast-food industry, persuading people to â€Å"want what they don’t need† (Bovee 358). With fast food marketing teams promoting healthy alternatives like apples instead of French fries or milk instead of soda, the companies are able to dupe the consumer into believing the... ... example, ordering a double quarter pounder with cheese and apple slices gives a false since of justification because they chose to forgo French fries (Chandon 302). Adding a marginally healthy substitute to an unhealthy entrà ©e should not be construed as a nutritional meal. Consumers also need to be aware of the adverse effects of adding high-fat high-sodium extras to their meals, such as cheese, mayonnaise, dressings, and special sauces. Instead if a person wants nutritional value within a fast-food meal they must diligently consider health content and portion size to avoid overeating and unwanted weight gain. Individuals need to take personal responsibility of their choices and not believe the false impressions of advertisers. Implementing nutritional knowledge not only while dinning in fast-food restaurants but into everyday life will lead to healthy longevity.

One More River :: essays research papers

One More River Can you imagine having to leave everything you have ever known to live in a country on the verge of war? Lesley Shelby, the main character in One More River by Lynn Reid Banks, knows exactly how it feels. This Jewish Canadian girl has to emigrate to Israel with her family. Through the determination and courage of one person we see how challenges, complications, and differences of the world are overcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story the most important character is Lesley. Lesley is a spoiled, pretty, Jewish, fourteen year old living in Canada. As the story progresses we see Lesley change to a caring and mature person by overcoming the differences in her new life. Two other important characters are Nat Shelby and Mustapha. Lesley’s father, Nat Shelby is the person who decided the family needed to live in Israel. Mr. Shelby decides he doesn’t want his daughter growing up as a spoiled uncaring princess. Mustapha, other important character, is an Arab boy who Lesley watches abuse his donkey across the Jordan River. All the Jews are not supposed to hate Arabs, but Lesley however comes in contact with Mustapha by the river and talks to him as a person not as an enemy. Mustapha made Lesley a more understanding person towards different kinds of people. The character I would most admire is Lesley for her ability to adapt to a new home, country and way of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the book there were many turning points. The war made Lesley really feel a part of Israel and the people. Another turning point was when Lesley was allowed to join the p’oola because she was finally excepted as one of them. The most important turning point is when Lesley, at the end of the book, takes the picture Mustapha threw at her and wrote “a peace between us and between our peoples'; in three languages and stuck it in the wall in Jerusalem. The major conflict in this story was moving to Israel because Lesley threw fits until she secretly visited Noah. (Lesley’s brother who was disowned because he married a catholic girl.) He told her to go and that’s when the conflict stopped. The plot enabled the characters to change. Lesley became excepting of life and the Arabs through events in the plot. In 1966 the Shelbys lived in Canada and then moved to a center in Israel were they had to learn Hebrew. One More River :: essays research papers One More River Can you imagine having to leave everything you have ever known to live in a country on the verge of war? Lesley Shelby, the main character in One More River by Lynn Reid Banks, knows exactly how it feels. This Jewish Canadian girl has to emigrate to Israel with her family. Through the determination and courage of one person we see how challenges, complications, and differences of the world are overcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story the most important character is Lesley. Lesley is a spoiled, pretty, Jewish, fourteen year old living in Canada. As the story progresses we see Lesley change to a caring and mature person by overcoming the differences in her new life. Two other important characters are Nat Shelby and Mustapha. Lesley’s father, Nat Shelby is the person who decided the family needed to live in Israel. Mr. Shelby decides he doesn’t want his daughter growing up as a spoiled uncaring princess. Mustapha, other important character, is an Arab boy who Lesley watches abuse his donkey across the Jordan River. All the Jews are not supposed to hate Arabs, but Lesley however comes in contact with Mustapha by the river and talks to him as a person not as an enemy. Mustapha made Lesley a more understanding person towards different kinds of people. The character I would most admire is Lesley for her ability to adapt to a new home, country and way of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the book there were many turning points. The war made Lesley really feel a part of Israel and the people. Another turning point was when Lesley was allowed to join the p’oola because she was finally excepted as one of them. The most important turning point is when Lesley, at the end of the book, takes the picture Mustapha threw at her and wrote “a peace between us and between our peoples'; in three languages and stuck it in the wall in Jerusalem. The major conflict in this story was moving to Israel because Lesley threw fits until she secretly visited Noah. (Lesley’s brother who was disowned because he married a catholic girl.) He told her to go and that’s when the conflict stopped. The plot enabled the characters to change. Lesley became excepting of life and the Arabs through events in the plot. In 1966 the Shelbys lived in Canada and then moved to a center in Israel were they had to learn Hebrew.

History Of The Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay

The Bay of Pigs was the operation that was designed as any agencies of subverting the authorities without uncovering that the United States engagement in the operation. The program was originally called for the gradual build-up of anti-Castro forces within Cuba into a political and military motion. However the programs rapidly changed into a all-out invasion, with the budget spread outing from $ 4 million good over to $ 46 million and the CIA preparation and providing anti-Castro Cuban expatriates to Cuba. In 1956 Fidel Castro led a Guerrilla Force in a rebellion against the authorities place of Fulgencio Batista. During the old ages in 1959 Batista fled the state, and Castro so became leader of Cuba ‘s new radical government. Castro made credence of these atomic missiles from the Soviet Union which so led to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Anterior towards this revolution the United States had a important influence in Cuba ‘s economic and political personal businesss, But Castro ‘s new authorities refused to be influenced by the United States. The United States grew in fright that Castro would set up a new communism government in Cuba, so the United States applied economic force per unit area and in 1960 an trade stoppage that cut off trade between the United States and Cuba. In an attempt to destruct Castro ‘s authorities, the United States trained and armed a anti-Castro Cuban exiles populating in the United States. These expatriates invaded Cuba in 1961, with a landing at the Bay of Pigs. Castro ‘s ground forces easy defeated the expatriates. His triumph during the Bay of Pigs invasion strengthened Castro ‘s control over Cuba. During this most Cubans resented the United States intercession in Cuban dealingss and they railed behind Castro, who declared that Cuba was a Communist state. The Cuban Missile Crisis marked the point at which the Cold War began to dissolve. The Cuban Missile Crisis ( known as The October Crisis in Cuba ) was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War. In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet authoritiess began to sneakily construct bases in Cuba for a figure of medium- and intermediate-range ballistic atomic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) with the ability to strike most of the Continental United States. This action followed the 1958 deployment of Thor IRBMs in the UK and Jupiter IRBMs to Italy and Turkey in 1961 – more than 100 U.S.-built missiles holding the capableness to strike Moscow with atomic payloads. On October 14, 1962, a United States U-2 photoreconnaissance plane captured photographic cogent evidence of Soviet missile bases under building in Cuba. The resulting crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War and is by an d large regarded as the minute in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a atomic struggle. [ 1 ] The United States considered assailing Cuba via air and sea and settled on a military â€Å" quarantine † of Cuba. The U.S. announced that it would non allow violative arms to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under building or completed in Cuba and take all violative arms. The Kennedy disposal held a slender hope that the Kremlin would hold to their demands, and expected a military confrontation. On the Soviet terminal, Nikita Khrushchev wrote in a missive to Kennedy that his quarantine of â€Å" pilotage in international Waterss and air infinite to represent an act of aggression impeling world into the abysm of a universe nuclear-missile war. † from the Cuban Missile Crisis, peculiarly after Khrushchev was relieved of his place as leader, there was a conjunct attempt on both parts for weaponries control, ensuing in the sign language of many bilateral understandings. the Cuban Missile Crisis highlighted the importance of a clear and direct system of communicating between Moscow and Washington. During the crisis, the two leaders communicated with each other through missive authorship, which proved to be a really slow signifier of communicating, peculiarly in such a tense clip. So, in 1963, an understanding was reached, the Hot-line Treaty, ab initio utilizing teletype, telegraph and radio-telegraph communicating links. Of class with the development of new engineerings, these communicating links have been upgraded. At the recent fortieth anniversary conference on the Cuban Missile Crisis, it was noted that â€Å" the lessons learned from the missile crisis might help those of us who are interested in cut downing the hazard of atomic calamity in the twenty-first century † . In decision, a the major ground that a military struggle was averted was the cooperation between Kennedy and Khrushchev and their committedness to peace. Neither was willing to pay war, specially non Russia since their missile bases in Cuba were unfinished. Kchruschev would non hold been willing to support Cuba from American invasion anyhow, suppose a war did interrupt out. Many things could hold changed the class of the crisis to the point of catastrophe: if Kennedy had chosen to utilize air work stoppages, if Russia had crossed the quarantine line, if Kchruschev did n't hold to peace, if the missile bases had been finished. Fortunately these things were n't, and the universe was saved from a potentially ruinous atomic war.

List of Poetry Group

List of poetry groups and movements From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2011) | Poetry groups and movements or schools may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a ‘school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos.A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example, Edward Lear, George du Maurier and Ogden Nash do not form a school simply because they all wrote limericks. There are many different ‘schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose. Contents * 1 Prehistoric * 2 Sixteenth century * 3 Sevente enth century * 4 Eighteenth century * 5 Nineteenth century * 6 Twentieth century * 7 Alphabetic list * 8 References| PrehistoricThe Oral tradition is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing. Sixteenth century The Castalian Band. Seventeenth century The Metaphysical poets The Cavalier poets The Danrin school Eighteenth century Classical poetry echoes the forms and values of classical antiquity. Favouring formal, restrained forms, it has recurred in various Neoclassical schools since the eighteenth century Augustan poets such as Alexander Pope.The most recent resurgence of Neoclassicism is religious and politically reactionary work of the likes of T. S. Eliot. Romanticism started in late 18th century Western Europe. Wordsworth's and Coleridge's 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads is considered by some as the first important publication in the movement. Romanticism stressed strong e motion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of â€Å"nature† in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists.Romantic poets include William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats (those previous six sometimes referred to as the Big Six, or the Big Five without Blake); other Romantic poets include James Macpherson,Robert Southey, and Emily Bronte. Nineteenth century Pastoralism was originally a Hellenistic form, that romanticized rural subjects to the point of unreality. Later pastoral poets, such as Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, and William Wordsworth, were inspired by the classical pastoral poets.The Parnassians were a group of late 19th-century French poets, named after their journal, the Parnasse contemporain. They included Charles Leconte de Lisle, Theodore de Banville, Sully-Prudhomme, Paul Verlaine, Francois Coppee, and Jose Maria de Heredia. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment. Symbolism started in the late nineteenth century in France and Belgium.It included Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbiere, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stephane Mallarme. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to â€Å"plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description†. Modernist poetry is a broad term for poetry written between 1890 and 1970 in the tradition of Modernism. Schools within it include Imagism and the British Poetry Revival.The Fireside Poets (also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets) were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England. The group is usually described as comprising Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.. Twentieth century The Imagists were (predominantly young) poets working in England and America in the early 20th century, including F. S. Flint, T. E. Hulme, and Hilda Doolittle (known primarily by her initials, H. D. ).They rejected Romantic and Victorian conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language. Ezra Pound formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His â€Å"In a Station of the Metro† (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry: The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. The Objectivists were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, Carl Rakosi, and Basil Bunting.Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s involving many African-American writers from the New York Neighbourhood of Harlem. The Beat generation poets met in New York in the 1940s. The core group were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who were joined later by Gregory Corso. The Confessionalists were American poets that emerged in the 1950s. They drew on personal history for their artistic inspiration.Poets in this group include Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, John Berryman, and Robert Lowell. The New York School was an informal group of poets active in 1950s New York City whose work was said to be a reaction to the Confessionalists. Some major figures include John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Kenneth Koch, Barbara Guest, Joe Br ainard, Ron Padgett, Ted Berrigan and Bill Berkson. The Black Mountain poets (also known as the Projectivists) were a group of mid 20th century postmodern poets associated with Black Mountain College in the United States.The San Francisco Renaissance was initiated by Kenneth Rexroth and Madeline Gleason in Berkeley in the late 1940s. It included Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Robin Blaser. They were consciously experimental and had close links to the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The Movement was a group of English writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Alfred Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings and Robert Conquest. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational. The connection between the poets was described as â€Å"little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles. The British Poetry Revival was a loose movement during the 1960s and 1970s. It was a Modernist reaction to the conservative Movement. The Hungry generation was a group of ab out 40 poets in West Bengal, India during 1961–1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, and Subimal Basak. The Martian poets were English poets of the 1970s and early 1980s, including Craig Raine and Christopher Reid.Through the heavy use of curious, exotic, and humorous metaphors, Martian poetry aimed to break the grip of â€Å"the familiar† in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian. The Language poets were avant garde poets from the last quarter of the 20th century. Their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method. They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: Leslie Scalapino, Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Barrett Watten, Lyn Hejinian, Bob Perelman, Rae Armantrout, Carla Harryman, Clark Coolidge, Hannah Weiner, Susan Howe, and Tina Darragh.The New Formalism is a late-twentieth and early twenty-first century movement in American poetry that promotes a return to metrical and rhymed verse. Rather than looking to the Confessionalists, they look to Robert Frost, Richard Wilbur, James Merrill, Anthony Hecht, and Donald Justice for poetic influence. These poets are associated with the West Chester University Poetry Conference, and with literary journals like The New Criterion and The Hudson Review. Associated poets include Dana Gioia, Timothy Steele, Mark Jarman, Rachel Hadas, R. S.Gwynn, Charles Martin, Phillis Levin, Kay Ryan, Brad Leithauser. Alphabetic list This is a list of poetry groups and movements. * Absurdism * Aestheticism * Black Arts Movement * Cairo poets * Chhayavaad * Classical Chinese poetry * Crescent Moon Society * Cyclic Poets * Dadaism * Danrin school * Deep image * Della Cruscans * Dymock poets * Fugitives (poets) * Generation of '27| * Georgian poets * Goliar d * Graveyard poets * The Group (literature) * Harlem Renaissance * Harvard Aesthetes * Heptanese School (literature) * LakePoets * La Pleiade * Los Contemporaneos * Misty Poets * Modern Chinese poetry * Negritude * Net-poetry * New Apocalyptics| * Nijo poetic school * Others (art group) * Oulipo * Poetic transrealism * Rhymers' Club * Rochester Poets * Scottish Renaissance * Sicilian School * Poetry Slam * Sons of Ben * Southern Agrarians * Spasmodic poets * Spectrism * Surrealist poets * The poets of Elan * Uranian poetry| References This article does not cite any references or sources. 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Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Essay

Read and Apply: Michael E. Porter (2008), â€Å"The Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy†, Harvard Business Review, (January 2008), pp. 2-17 Assignment Questions (AQ) (a) Why has the soft drink industry been so profitable for concentrate producers? Compare the economics of the concentrate business to the bottling business: why is the profitability so different? [50% points] The soft drink industry has been extremely profitable for Concentrate producers. When we study the 5 forces analysis, we come to a conclusion that almost all the forces have contributed significantly in this massive profit generating mechanism. Threat of new entrants is low and there are multiple high barriers to entry. Despite the low cost of establishing a concentrate production plant, the producers have to develop exclusive relations with bottling plants and support them in marketing research, advertising and setting up distribution channels which is difficult for new entrants and require huge capital infusion. Bargaining power of Buyers used to be negligible as concentrate producers used to make bottlers abide by fixed price contracts which made them operate on razor thin margins. After adoption of incidence pricing, the bottling plants renegotiated for different distribution channels and different product ranges as the bargaining power shifted and the prices were increased based on consumer price index and inflation. But this bargaining power was kept in check since concentrate producers did not allow a bottling plant to gain significant market influence and they regularly bought out bottling plants to maintain their control.(Exhibit 3b) Bargaining power of suppliers was minuscule since all products are basic commodities like sweetener, caffeine and color with multiple suppliers who do not hold much bargaining power with a large corporation. Threat of substitute product is suppose to be high since there are a variety of substitutes available which meet the end purpose of quenching the thirst and consumer being open to healthy or low calorie substitutes like tea, juice or energy drink. But the conventional concentrate producer has diversified its product portfolio to meet all demands and keep its consumer base loyal. Also strengthening distribution networks and creating advertisement campaign has led to consumer retention.(Exhibit 8) Competition is high since major brands competing are Coca cola and pepsi who compete at every level, from product range and bottling plants to retailer selection and advertisement. Both concentrate producers are have deep pockets to execute swift decisions and they have adopted similar strategies to gain market share and consolidate. They have a staggering market presence controlling nearly 3/4th of the market and they have surgically acquired or contained all other competitors.(Exhibit 2) By the 5 force analysis, it is visible that the immense market experience and availability of funds had led concentrate producers to use almost all the forces in their advantage to maintain high profitability. In contrast to the concentrate producer, the bottling plants operate on one-third of the profit margin percent, this can be explained by the contrasts in the economics using the 5 force analysis for bottling plants. Threat of new entrants was traditionally low since high capital requirement acts as as high barrier of entry but the threat from the concentrate producer entity emerging as a bottler is high ever since they have started vertical integrations by providing concentration at lower rates for better margins to self-owned entities. Bargaining power of buyers is high since bottling plants have no unique value proposition and they compete with identical competitors for a vastly segmented market. They conduct extensive negotiations with different channels on stock, pricing and space. They develop complex price strategies for maintaining exclusive contracts with nation wide restaurant chains. They have to bid for higher presence among mass merchandisers and retail stores. They also have to provide low-margin fountains and vending machines services to sustain market presence. Threat of substitute is low among bottling plants since they have invested a huge capital on set-up, operational efficiency and R&D. They have a established ground of operations which cannot be easily substituted and they enjoy massive support from concentrate producers in supplier contracts, marketing research and advertisements Bargaining power of suppliers is average where commodities like packaging material and sugar can be obtained easily while concentrate producers control prices due to high dependency on them. But due to the reciprocity nature of dependency, concentrate producers extend advertising support, marketing surveys and strategic integration to loyal bottling plants to focus on volume and carry a wider range of products. The variation of business economics where bottling plants face price constraints, negotiations with every supplier at an individual level, cut-throat competition, high operating costs and an increasing threat of being acquired by the concentrate producer hits the profitability of the bottlers and gives a huge edge to the concentrate producers. (b) How would you characterize the nature of the competition between Coke and Pepsi and how has it impacted the profits of the US carbonated soft drinks (CSD) industry as a whole? [20% points] Coca-cola had maintained high profitability acting as a monopoly since its inception since it did not face any competition. When Pepsi entered the market as a prominent player, it struggled to gather market traction but after the â€Å"Blind taste test† it became a real competitor. The nature of competition has been fierce ranging from better positioning at a single store, to going beyond international borders. Although both the companies have adopted similar strategies, the timing and focus has led to significant success and more significant failures. Some major initiatives by Coca-Cola were developing infrastructure in European countries and Asia which paid heavy returns. It was also a pioneer in introducing new flavors and brands(Exhibit 2) which sharply increased its market share and vertical integration by acquiring bottling plants for better margins(Exhibit 3a) which resulted in stellar financial performances. Pepsi on the other hand gained significant domestic US market when Coca-cola focussed internationally, it was first to get exclusive contracts with restaurant chains and introduce bigger family-size bottles. It also led diversification by transforming into a beverage and food giant by acquiring Frito-Lay, Gatorade and Lipton. Pepsi Bottling Group optimized its operations and maintains a higher % profit/sales over CCE till date(Exhibit 3b). Both companies have also made big mistakes like Coca-cola introducing â€Å"New Coke† and Pepsi giving first-movers advantage to Coke in international markets. Also engaging in a bitter price wars saw their balance sheets in red(Exhibit 5). But they have also worked excellently in rectifying their mistakes like Coke diversifying by acquiring Minute-Maid and Vitamin water drinks. Since over half of Pepsi’s sales were domestic and Coke already had a lead in the International market, Pepsi focussed on markets still up-for-grabs like China, India, Africa and Middle-east. It has since gained significant market share in emerging economies after learning its lesson. Recently, both the companies have undergone significant media bashing with environmental concerns of the PET bottle, health and obesity uproars and sugary content in CSDs, so they have realized the shift in market focus to non-CSDs and diet soft drinks(Exhibit 7). New strategies include more focus on these drinks and both companies are looking to leverage their existing market domination to gain a better market shares and higher profits since margins on these drinks are much higher than CSDs. (c) Compare and contrast the structure and profitability of the emerging non-CSD industry with the key aspects of the traditional CSD industry structure that you covered in part (a). Can Coke and Pepsi repeat their success they had with CSDs in the non-CSDs industry, or will a new competitive landscape & dynamic emerge? [30% points] In late 1990s the soft-drink industry showed signs of permanent shift as the demand for carbonated soft drinks began to fizzle out(Exhibit 7) due to the rising health concern with obesity, high sugar content and perceived risks of high-fructose corn syrup. Diet sodas had already caught a lot of attention and they were quickly replacing conventional sodas, Coke and Pepsi broadened their product range by offering more Diet and herbal drinks. Pepsi was more aggressive in this transformation by acquiring Gatorade and Lipton which outsold Coke products in these categories, Coke followed suit by acquiring EnergyBrands, its largest acquisition ever, but Pepsi maintained a commanding lead in non-carb segment. Both companies also launched bottled water which is the largest sector in non-CSD market by volume(Exhibit 9) The structure and profitability in an emerging non-CSD industry has dynamics very different from the conventional CSD industry which has been played out and matured. The stark contrasts that the structure of this industry lies in the fact that this market is very young and entry of new products changes its dynamics rapidly. The threat of new entrants in this market is very high as concentrate production does not require a lot of investment and innovative products attract a lot of clientele which have led to a stronger position among competitors like Nestle, Unilever and DPS. The bottling plants have strengthened their position in this sector as they have not led Coke and Pepsi influence this market completely. They have been reluctant in introducing non-CSD products as they have no brand loyalty and their existing infrastructure does not support new products. Setting up new infrastructure and pressure from concentrate producers to increase non-CSD turnovers require higher operation costs and lesser profit margins. Concentrate producers are building better relationships with independent bottlers to push non-CSD and alternate drinks since they have much higher margins than CSD(Exhibit 10), concentrate producers are willing to assist bottling plants and they started selling finished goods to bottlers. They have also leveraged the company owned bottling plants by purchasing at lower prices and even marketing directly to retail chains to gain higher profit margin and gain market penetration It is most likely that Coke and Pepsi will repeat their success with this new industry like they did in CSDs for the first and foremost reason that these companies are financially very strong and they have the ability to acquire or contain an emerging competitor. Also they have invested and will continue to invest in understanding the market, so they have established a market trend analysis and they are prepared to tackle upcoming threats by taking the appropriate action. That is the reason that Coke and Pepsi are directly competing with every new product launched in this category and gaining popularity like tea, water or energy drinks. Early diversification in products has strengthened their brand equity which they can leverage in gaining further control in the non-CSD market. Another reason that these companies are likely to succeed is because of vertically integrated network that they have established from manufacturing concentrate to marketing to retailers, they have exclusive contracts with bottling plants and they have spent decades perfecting the distribution network. They can introduce new products in this chain with much more ease and effect rather than new players developing an entire new network. Lastly, since the market in US is moving faster towards non-CSDs than the rest of the world, Coke and Pepsi have gained experience in tackling this change and then they can apply it to the international markets and be the driving force in influencing emerging economies due to their vast strategic global presence.

Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime

Sociological theories of crime contain a great deal of useful information in the understanding of criminal behavior. Sociological theories are very useful in the study of criminal behavior because unlike psychological and biological theories they are mostly macro level theories which attempt to explain rates of crime for a group or an area rather than explaining why an individual committed a crime. (Kubrin, 2012). There is however some micro level sociological theories of crime that attempts to explain the individual’s motivation for criminal behavior (Kubrin, 2012). Of the contemporary sociological theories there are three which come to the forefront and which we will examine, social conflict theory, social disorganization theory, and rational choice theory. Social Conflict Theory As the name suggests, social conflict theory is a conflict based perspective. Conflict based perspectives assert that laws that govern what behaviors are criminal and what are not come from a conflict between those in power and those who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012). Social conflict theory basically says that crime is born out of this conflict between those that have power within a society and those that don’t. Those that have the power in a society are the ones that make the laws and therefore make laws which will benefit them and forward their goals and ideals often at the expense of those without power. It is this conflict and the resulting laws regulating what is criminal and what is not that is ultimately the cause of crime. Social Disorganization Theory Unlike social conflict theory, social disorganization theory is based on the consensus perspective. The consensus perspective believes that laws are born out of a consensus of members of a society seeking order within that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social disorganization theory views crime as a result of a breakdown of organization and culture within a society (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of organization and culture within a community leads to a lack of informal social control which in turn leads to higher crime rates especially in the juvenile population (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, & Cutrona, 2005). Social disorganization theory asserts that strong levels of connection within a community along with a sense of civic pride motivate individuals to take a more active role in the community therefore acting as a deterrent to crime. Rational Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological theories is rational choice theory. In stark contrast to social conflict theory and social disorganization theory which are macro level theories, rational choice theory is a micro level theory (Kubrin, 2012). Rational choice theory focuses on the individual motivation behind criminal behavior. Specifically the idea that the choice to commit criminal behavior is a choice based on a type of risk reward scenario. The person contemplating a criminal act consciously weighs the risk associated with the crime against the reward they stand to gain from the crime. Similarities and Differences Each of these three contemporary sociological theories of crime are similar in that they focus mainly on crime in poor or disadvantaged areas. This focus is obvious with social conflict theory and social disorganization theory but not as much with rational choice theory although it is there. With rational choice theory the concept of what is to be gained from the criminal activity in itself implies that the person is most likely poor or disadvantaged in some way necessitating crime to obtain the things they need or desire. Where these theories differ is their basic concepts of what the actual cause of crime is. Where social conflict theory and social disorganization theory view the causes of crime on a group level, rational choice theory says that crime is caused on an individual level. Likewise, on an even more fundamental level, social conflict theory and social disorganization theory differ in that social conflict theory believes laws regulating criminal behavior are formed out of conflict within a society where social disorganization theory believes laws are formed from a consensus within society. Conclusions Sociological theories of crime are very useful, especially in the prediction and prevention of crime. One of their greatest strengths is their ability to explain crime within a certain group or community. However, the fact that the group or area they most often focus on is poor or disadvantages is one of their greatest weaknesses. Sociological theories fail to account for so called white collar crimes and other types of crimes that occur mainly among more wealthy individuals and in more well off neighborhoods. As with psychological and biological theories, sociological theories have their strengths and weaknesses. To truly understand the nature and causes of crime and to be able to prevent it will take an understanding and blending of many different theories.

Cell phones and the dangers of them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cell phones and the dangers of them - Essay Example Cell phones should not be banned, but its' usage should be limited. Can you remember the last time you walked down the street, or sat in a caf, or engaged in any public activity and did not see a cellular phone In just about every public place a cell phone would be visible as would be ring tones of the latest sound track and in different languages. Cell phones have become so common that it is likely to see a group of friends hanging out together but each engaged in a conversation with someone else on their cell phone. The use of cell phones cannot be avoided, whether it's a business man calling to check on his appointments, or a mom calling to check on her kids, or just teenagers calling to talk with friends; whatever the reason might be, cell phones are being used by just about everyone. Who is using and why they are using cell phones are the obvious questions with simple answers. The main question to address then arises, is using a cell phone really dangerous and what can we do about it It is important to note that cellular phones are still considered a new invention and it is too soon to tell if serious health problems are really caused by using such devices. However, a lot of research has been conducted in the past few years and many of the researchers are having a controversial debate to the severity of the problems caused by cell phones. According to www.cancer.org, "some recent studies have suggested that long-term use of cell phones may increase the risk of acoustic neuroma, a rare tumor that develops in the nerves near the inner ears."1 Even though this study has not been hundred percent certified as of yet, it is still something serious to look into. Would you really like to continue using cell phones thinking there is a possible you might develop a "rare tumor" All of a sudden, the prospect of having long conversations about nothing in particular does not seem very appealing. There are many ways to deal with this problem though. Just because a suspicion tells us that there is a possibility of a health-risk does not necessarily mean we should all panic and throw out our phones. As indicated by the Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the Federal Communications Commission, "If there is a risk from these products -- and at this point we do not know that there is -- it is probably very small." 1 For those users who are still not convinced and suspect that cell phone poses a great threat to their health, they are advised to limit their cell phone conversations. Another helpful way to prevent health issues is to wear a headset instead of putting the cellular to your ear, that way the cell phone itself has less direct contact to your head and cell tissues. 1 Yet, there are other sources that state the risk of health-related problems from cell phones is neither a suspicion nor a myth, but rather a fact. According to British physicist Dr. Gerald Hyland, "If mobile phones were a type of food, they simply would not be licensed."2 That is a very strong statement to make about an obvious safety question and concern. In another cancer related website, Dr. Gerald Hyland is quoted again and this website does not talk about mere suspicions but rather addresses the matter in a very serious manner. To focus on why cell phones are possibly considered unsafe, the website explains that the cell

Contract Law Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contract Law - Article Example However, in February 2001 Junior Aids forget to send a representative to one of the major retailers during one 2 week period and miss a small order from that company. Infasuck, who have been looking for an opportunity to replace Junior Aids, immediately repudiate the agreement and claim damages: In order to be able to assess Junior Aids Legal Position it is necessary to examine the ways in which a contract can be repudiated. The starting point in this type of situation is to examine the terms of the contract to determine whether there has been a breach. This will enable a conclusion to be drawn as to the rights of the parties in terms of repudiation of the contract. In law either party might be entitled to repudiate the contract. In this particular situation Infasuck Ltd might be entitled to repudiate the contract because the other party has not adhered to a clause in the contract. In order to decide whether repudiation is likely to be authorised by the court it is necessary to examine the content of the contract to determine whether the clause amounts to a condition. In this particular situation it is obvious that Clause 6 amounts to a condition as the agreement is that Junior Aids will visit the groups at least once a week. ... As a result of this lateness the plaintiff failed to attend rehearsals which were viewed as a lesser part of the contract. The court held that there had been a breach of the warranty to attend the rehearsals but that the defendant was only entitled to compensation for this loss and was not entitled to repudiate the contract. In some cases the court will not allow the parties to repudiate if a substantial part of the contract has been performed before the breach occurred. This was the case in Hong Kong Fir Shipping2 where the court found that as a substantial part of the contract had been completed the plaintiff was only entitled to claim compensation for loss of profit and earnings whilst the vessel could not be used. In these cases the court held that there had been a breach of warranty but not a breach of a condition in the contract. By contrast in the case of Poussard v Spiers3 the court reached the conclusion that there had been a breach of a condition inserted within the contract. The court stated in this case that the plaintiff was entitled to repudiate the contract on the grounds of the breach as the breach rendered the contract void. In general terms the person seeking to repudiate a contract must do so as soon as the breach becomes apparent. In the situation above Infasuck Ltd knew of the breach some time before hand, but had allowed the contract to continue and had amended the terms of the contract. The court might hold in such a case that by doing so Infasuck Ltd had affirmed the contract, in which case the court may decide that they are not entitled to repudiate the contract. In Hayes (t/a Orchard Construction) v Gallant[2008]4 the court had to determine whether there had been an