Performance Management at Lincoln Electric Company and Southwest Case Study

Performance Management at Lincoln Electric Company and Southwest - Case Study Example A common denominator that has been linked to their success is their concern for employees that trumps their concern for their shareholders (Schuler, 2012, p.572). These companies assert that if employees are well taken care of, they will do their jobs better, and doing so benefits customers and shareholders. Lincoln Electric is the top company that designs, develops, and makes arc-welding products, robotic arc-welding equipments, and plasma and oxyfuel cutting tools. It also leads in the brazing and soldering alloys industries. Lincoln owns 40% of the U.S. market share. Moreover, it provides its employees with a well-known Lincoln Incentive Management Plan, which results to above-industry-average productivity (Schuler, 2012, p.559). In 1995, the company attained $1 billion revenues, while at present, sales reached $2 billion (Schuler, 2012, p.559). Employee morale and productivity are good; while turnover is almost zero (Schuler, 2012, p.559). A similar company with strong employee f ocus is Southwest Airlines. It has led the low-cost airline industry by focusing on being the cheapest and most efficient operator in domestic regional markets (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2012, p.578). Despite being a low-cost airliner, Southwest is known for on-time travels, excellent customer service, and safety (Jackson et al., 2012, p.578). In 2012, the company bought AirTran Airways for $1.4 billion. The acquisition is believed to increase revenue and capacity by almost 25%, although its direct impact on Southwest’s success remains to be seen (Schuler, 2012, p.580). Like Lincoln Electric, employee morale and productivity are high in Southwest through the joint efforts of its employee-based committees. This paper compares, contrasts, and evaluates the human resource management practices of Lincoln Electric and Southwest. Recruiting and Selection Recruitment and selection are attuned to the organizational needs and cultures of Southwest and Lincoln Electric. Recruitment i s restricted to internal recruitment for most jobs in Lincoln Electric. Only entry-level positions are open to external recruitment (Schuler, 2012, p.561). Selection is performed by HR, which also happens in Southwest. In Southwest, however, selection is more refined due to specific employee attitudes that it looks for. This can be explained by the fact that Southwest operates in a service industry, while Lincoln Electric works in the manufacturing industry. Southwest has a stringent selection policy, where it spends more time, energy, and money in recruiting people who can fit the fun and collaborative culture of the company (Jackson et al., 2012, p.584). It has a People Department that performs the decisive function of recruiting and selecting personnel (Jackson et al., 2012, p.584). Personality tests and interviews support the rigorous selection process (Jackson et al., 2012, p.584). Hence, though both companies ensure that their employees fit company goals and culture through th eir recruitment and selection practices, Southwest shows extra dedication and uses more resources in recruiting people with the right attitudes. Performance Management Management Styles Both Lincoln Electric and Southwest have charismatic founders, whom employees find be empathic of their employees’ welfare, although Southwest has a â€Å"wackier† attitude to managing employees. In an employee interview, Trahan remarked that James Lincoln â€Å"

Mental health programs Essay Example for Free

Mental health programs Essay Community health programs based in churches have been highly successful, although occasionally confusing and stressful for pastors to administer. However, it is not only physical health programs which have thrived; mental health and chemical dependency programs are an important supplement to church ministry and community service. Thompson and McRae argue that the Black church itself offers a positive therapeutic effect to its congregation, even without a formal mental health ministry in place. They discuss the historical basis for the Black church’s creation of community; the creation of the â€Å"we† group rather than the individual â€Å"I† and the need for belonging with a group, rather than to a group (41). They state â€Å"Embedded within the individual were past experiences, traditions, values, and norms for emotions, cognitions, and behaviors conducive to relatedness and â€Å"interpersonalness† that reflected a collective sense of belonging with rather than to, caring, similar others (Thompson McRae, 41). † The Black church, in Thompson and McRae’s view, has created a bridge for the gap between the historic slave experience and the modern Black experience which helps ease the mental transition between worlds, and created a framework for dealing with hostility. They state â€Å"The Black church nurtures the survival of its members through providing a supportive, caring environment to facilitate an ever-widening upward spiral of positive cognitive, affective and behavioral outcomes for growth and change (Thompson McRae, 46). † While the mere fact of church fellowship has a positive effect on its members, Black church involvement in formal mental health ministry programs has a significant impact on its members as well. Blank discussed the importance of mental health care within the church setting. They state that there are four areas of community care considered most effective in the church setting. These are primary care delivery, mental health, health promotion and disease promotion and health policy. Their review of studies underscored the importance of natural helpers (friends and extended family), lay helpers and most especially church leaders in the delivery of mental health care through an informal care system. Blank discussed the state of mental health care in the rural South in the 1970s; the population was discovered by researchers studying psychiatric utilization and morbidity in the area to be underserved, despite the general view that rural life was superior to urban. The problems contributing to low psychiatric utilization are complex; problems with service delivery, low quality of care (especially among minority patients) and lack of providers are entangled with social stigma surrounding psychiatric care, economic and social factors, geographic distance from providers, poverty, race and class issues to create a morass of issues a patient must slog through to acquire psychiatric care. Blank notes that at the time of the study, most counties lacked a single doctoral-level mental health professional; only 3% of licensed psychiatrists practice in the rural South, a number which has not changed significantly since the 1970s. In addition to the socioeconomic issues with receiving psychiatric care in the rural South, there are further problems relating to doctor-patient relations. Some theorists state that white mental health care providers cannot provide optimal care to Black patients because of their lack of knowledge and understanding of Black history and culture, as well as a lack of understanding of the difficulty of being Black in a white world; furthermore Black patients are less likely to trust white care providers due to racial tensions and differences in worldview (Blank , 1668). Instead, Black patients are considered to have a preference for Black care providers. While some studies have shown that Black patients do prefer Black care providers, stated reasons for this preference are a perception of greater professional competence and attitude, as well as racial and cultural compatibility (Blank , 1668). Blank emphasize the importance of sensitivity and cultural competence; it can lead to a greater understanding of non-normative minority behavior as well as an increase in trust levels between provider and patient which increase the possibility of a successful outcome. Blank discusses the cultural responsiveness hypothesis, which states that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is directly related to the therapist’s ability to communicate an understanding of the patient’s cultural background. Lack of this cultural responsiveness might account for some of the racial divide in diagnosis, treatment and premature termination of treatment observed between Black and white psychiatric patients (Blank, 1669). Blank hypothesized that rural churches provide fewer social and mental health services than urban churches, and that they have fewer links with the formal care system; furthermore, because of the importance of the church in the Black community and the historic exclusion of Black from formal care systems (schools, mental health services, etc), Black churches would provide more social and mental health services than white churches, but with fewer links to the formal care system (1669). Blank tested their theory using a phone survey of Black and white church leaders in both rural and urban areas in the South (defined in their study as Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missisippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (Blank, 1670)). A total of 2,867 churches were targeted, with a total of 269 completed interviews, or an overall participation rate of just under 10% (Blank, 1670). Rural Black churches, the targeted demographic, were actually least likely to participate in the study, with only a one in fourteen survey completion rate; the researchers cited lack of full-time staff creating difficulties reaching church leaders and a high rate of church leader refusal as factors in this low completion rate (Blank, 1670). The researchers discussed topics such as church demographics, including size and racial composition of the congregation, number of services held and attendance at the services, the church budget and founding date; problems the church’s congregants faced that the church leader considered to be most important; specific questions about mental health services provided by the church or church leader, including such issues as depression, paranoia, nervous breakdown, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and attempted suicide; What type of support services were offered formally by the church to deal with these types of issues; and what links to the formal care system, including hospitals, care providers and support services like Alcoholics Anonymous existed, and if links existed to what level church leaders provided referrals to the formal care system (Blank, 1669). The researchers then constructed four different scales on which to rank the churches: Problems, which quantified the degree to which responding churches dealt with mental health problems over the previous two years; Programs for Adults, which quantified the number of mental health programs offered by the church, including those dealing with alcohol and substance abuse, marital counseling, sex education and counseling, domestic violence and sexual assault; Programs for Children, which quantified programs specifically aimed at support for children, including individual and family support services; and finally Programs for Teenagers, which quantified programs specifically aimed at support for teens. Referrals, both in and out, were also quantified (Blank, 1670). Statistical analysis using factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the correlation between the varying factors. The researchers found some surprising differences in funding – when adjusted for congregation size, rural white churches had substantially larger budgets than rural Black churches, and urban Black churches also had significantly larger budgets than the rural Black churches (Blank, 1670). However, both urban and rural Black churches were shown to offer significantly higher numbers of mental health programs overall than their white counterparts. There were no statistically significant variables in the study of links between referrals, but the modal response among churches overall was 0, indicating that all churches tend to lack links with the formal care system (Blank, 1671). Blank extrapolate concerning the possible reasons for lack of links between the formal care system and the informal care system provided by churches. They note that one of the difficulties may be historical in nature; because churches are often divided among racial and ethnic lines, there may be barriers to connection between the formal care system and churches precipitated by racial and ethnic tensions. Additionally, because churches have played a role as a political entity in the past, there may be lingering social tensions between churches and formal care systems which prevent these roles. (Blank, 1671). Another barrier may be the different paradigms of the formal care system and the church regarding the nature, causes and treatment of mental health problems.

The Relationship between Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcom

The Relationship between Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcomes Patrick Kenney and Tom Rice’s article explores the effect of primary elections on the general presidential elections. Kenney and Rice attempt to determine whether supporters of losing primary candidates refrain from voting for their party in the general election. In order to better understand this concept of divisive primaries, it is imperative to know its definition. Webster defines divisive as: Creating, or tending to create, division, separation, or difference. However, I feel that divisiveness arises out of the need to superior and the topic of voter turnout and primary significance has been a long running question. According to Kenney and Rice the primary campaign is a struggle between groups, fighting for a â€Å"scarce resource,† the nomination. As research has shown, supporters of a losing candidate have been shown to retain bitterness towards the winning side of a primary. Our authors also mention the introduction of in-group loyalties, and out-gr oup hostilities, which affect a voter’s attitude. The in-group loyalties tend to be formed because of the length of primary elections, thus voters feel very strong and passionate about their candidate, and because the stakes are greater. The out-group hostilities are formed for the same reasons. In general, the longer the campaigns the stronger the in-group and out-group feelings are. With the definition of divisive primaries being k...

Business Strategy And Economics

Abstract This paper is focused on the importance of disruptive innovation as described in the teaching of Professor Clayton Christensen.The first part of the paper introduces a business report of Christensen’s theory on disruptive innovation. The focus is on major assumptions of this theory, as they are applied to the performance of one of the leading European airline companies, Ryanair. Moreover, the second part of the paper outlines a plan that clarifies how the professor’s teaching enhances the potential of individuals to move forward to a sustainable and successful future based on the model of disruptive innovation. Introduction The theory on disruptive innovation has gained adequate importance in the global business environment. Introduced by Professor Clayton Christensen, this theory emphasises that companies should refocus their capacities and resources on technology in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and growth in particular market segments (Christensen et al., 2008). Disruptive innovation is a powerful tool to drive the expansion of companies that are concerned with the attainment of long-term success (Christensen, 1997). The objective of this paper is to provide a business report on the theory of disruptive innovation as applied in the case of Ryanair, as well as to outline a plan of how the professor’s teaching can lead to developing of a sustainable and successful future, as human beings. Business Report In The Innovator’s Dilemma, Clayton Christensen (1997) introduced his distinct concept on disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovations are usually initiated as versions of products and services that already exist in the market, but they are identified as less desirable due to the aspect of lower quality. However, such products and services tend to improve with time and thus gain recognition among major customer population (Christensen et al., 2008). The conceptual framework of disruptive innovation is based on opportunity recognition, which is associated with the generation of useful ideas through implementing a past, present and future approach. The importance of considering past events have been acknowledged as a way to understand the specificity of how certain innovations have occurred (Cortez, 2014). Awareness of current trends in a particular business sector should be maintained in order to demonstrate disruptive innovation. Moreover, presenting possible scenarios is ano ther essential step of this approach that could help companies gain a strong competitive advantage (Christensen, 1997). Disruptive innovations can be perceived as ‘factor changers’ in the sense that they shape the markets into which specific products and services are introduced (Govindarajan et al., 2011). Therefore, disruptive innovations can refer to any product or service that has successfully altered dimensions of behaviour or technology in a particular market. It can be indicated that disruptive innovation usually characterises as low-end innovation and new market innovation (Christensen et al., 2008). Low-end innovation takes place when leaders tend to implement a strategy of over-supplying the needs of their customers with substantial technological capability or services that they may not actually need. As a result, a vacuum is created within such low-end market, which in turn reflects in a situation where customers with low demands are more likely to achieve their goals at lower cost (Jang, 2013). This aspect illustrates the validity of the theory on disruptive innovation consider ing the numerous examples of successful companies that have relied on this strategy, including Apple, Ryanair, and Rolls Royce. The second type of disruptive innovation, new market innovation, is focused on the formation of a new niche of customers by the introduction of new products or services. Individuals can be facilitated to complete certain procedures or processes that have been previously identified as challenging or quite demanding in terms of requiring a wide range of skills and knowledge (Christensen, 1997). However, established organisations usually demonstrate a trend to ignore the growth of new markets because of the prevailing conception that such markets are low margin. Similarly to low-end disruptive innovation, new market innovation indicates the importance of enhancing product offerings and expanding product niches (Habtay, 2012). Emphasis is put on attracting customers away from recognised or established products and services. Substantial disruption takes place as a direct result of this process, as the newly introduced products and services have the power to change the existing market on a permanent basis (Maldonado, 2014). The theory of disruptive innovation is valid because of the focus it maintains on the capacity of companies to refocus on technology advancements to optimise their performance. An example of the theory on disruptive innovation in practice can be found in the business operations of Ryanair. In the 1990s, leading airline European companies in the industry decided that the opportunities arising from the implementation of a low-cost strategy do not present a substantial threat to their market (Paton, 2013). Yet, newcomers in the European airline industry, such as EasyJet, applied the example of Ryanair’s point-to-point strategy. A direct outcome of this initiative was the creation of a low-cost niche market, which led to significant shifts in market behaviour as well as technology utilisation (Maldonado, 2014). It can be suggested that such niche of customers have realised the importance of Ryanair’s strategy even though they have not been identified as regular flyers. In addition, the low-cost and no frills strategy soon started to attract a considerable number of business travellers, who demonstrated a rapid switch from high-cost airline compani es to low-cost airlines (Christensen et al., 2008). This has been done with the assumption that low-cost airlines have significantly improved their service as a result of the implementation of disruptive innovation principles (Habtay, 2012). Such aspect demonstrates the validity of the theory considering its successful application to expanding companies’ growth in new markets. Ryanair has succeeded in the creation of a new market of budget travellers, which represents an example of the theory on disruptive innovation. The basic of such success was to offer routes to customers that no other airline did at rather competitive, affordable prices. The main aspect of disruptive innovation is to refocus technology use (Paton, 2013). This has helped the airline to maintain a close contact with its customers through optimisation of the internet use, commitment to quality, and safety maintenance and adequately focused criteria for growth. Ryanair has achieved its objective to reduce its operation cost through maximising its use of technical advances, as it introduced the options of booking of tickets and issuing of boarding cards online (Schmidt and Druehl, 2008). This airline company has provided a relevant example of how its operational teams and processes are brought together to deliver innovation in specific target niches. It has been assumed that the innovation introduced by Ryanair is desired by the target niche market (Habtay, 2012). Therefore, it can be argued that innovation levels should be maintained in balance in order to achieve the company’s initially presented goals for growth and expansion. As illustrated in Professor Clayton’s theory on disruptive innovation, an emergent strategy that organisations should adopt should be based on essential principles. Initially, companies that consider the option of disruptive innovation should incorporate elements of learning into their strategy plan (Paton, 2013). Furthermore, organisations should be focused on finding relevant information that can guarantee that they move in the right direction, similarly to what Ryanair did in the European airline industry through its adherence to the disruptive innovation model (Schmidt and Druehl, 2008). As a result, this type of innovation can produce long-term catalytic change, as illustrated in the example of Ryanair. The way in which a new technology addresses the demands presented in an existing customer segment is an important condition for success. Existing customers have been found powerful to affect an organisation’s resource allocation process (Christensen et al., 2008). The basic idea behind the application of disruptive innovation in practice is to introduce new functions or attributes, as Ryanair introduced a low-cost strategy and flexible fares to its customers (Petrick and Martinelli, 2012). A significant assumption can be provided in relation to new market disruptive innovation in the sense that it is more likely to prosper among customers that companies have not been addressed previously. As implied in The Innovator’s Dilemma, Professor Clayton’s theory of disruptive innovation illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of using financial ratios to measure business performance in both the short-term and long-term (Christensen, 1997). The strengths associated with using these ratios refer to the capacity of companies to use specific financial information to advance their business operations. Weaknesses of these ratios include improperly maintained focus or irrelevant or inaccurate financial details. The most important ratios with regards to Professor Clayton’s theory are the following profitability ratios: Return on Capital Employed (ROCE); Current Ratio and Acid Test Ratio (Christensen et al., 2008). The ratio of RONA presents a comparison of net income with the specific net assets. The ratio of ROCE provides significant information about the returns that an organisation achieves from the capital it employed. In the case of Ryanair, the company’s ROCE ratio indicated a significant increase from 6.86% in 2011 to more than 10% in 2013 before tax (Paton, 2013). The formula for calculating the current ratio is to divide current assets and current liabilities. Therefore, Ryanair’s current ratio in 2013 is 1.97:1. Acid test ratio is obtained through subtracting current assets and inventory and the result is divided with current liabilities (Habtay, 2012). The acid test ratio in 2013 is 1.97:1. These ratios indicate that the company performs well in its niche target market as a result of the introduction of disruptive innovation. Plan Professor Clayton’s teaching provides fundamental business ideas that can help individuals move forward to a sustainable and successful future, as human beings. His concepts reinforce the potential of professionals in the business world to bring about a substantial change that can alter positively their lives (Christensen et al., 2008). When human beings are confronted with new technological innovations, they tend to explore the numerous opportunities associated with such technology advancements that can help them become more successful in their operations. Sustainability emerges as an essential dimension in Clayton’s teaching on disruptive innovation (Petrick and Martinelli, 2012). By finding new markets for new technologies, individuals can help companies move in the right direction through adhering to the model of disruptive innovation (Christensen et al., 2008). Technology is the key to a sustainable and successful future for human beings considering the emphasis on improvement in product performance. There has been always a drive to seek improvement of products and services in any market segment. Clayton’s teaching motivates individuals to restructure their thinking and present distinct inferences regarding the application of disruptive innovation models in practice (Chandra and Yang, 2011). In fact, the model suggested by the professor indicates a proven path to achieving a sustainable and successful future based on the concept of disruptive innovation. The ability of human beings to innovate is leading in the contemporary business world, which is oriented towards long-term success. Clayton’s ideas are focused on presenting a realistic framework according to which sustainable is achievable as well as new innovations address current needs and expectations identified in different markets (Christensen et al., 2008). As Clayton a rgued, market leaders are responsible for embracing such innovations and exploit the numerous advantages of technologies. As a result, this would contribute to the emergence of a high level of sustainability in the dynamic business environment (Maldonado, 2014). The model introduced by Professor Clayton provides managers with an opportunity to offer relevant insights into the most appropriate way of utilising disruptive technologies. The professor presents his arguments in a clear, consistent manner, which helps individuals understand the specificity and applicability of his theory (Christensen, 1997). The emergence of particular value networks is in line with the basic idea to refocus on technology through the distinct model of disruptive innovation (Petrick and Martinelli, 2012). Moreover, Professor Clayton emphasises the necessity to discuss different managerial decisions, which contribute to enhanced sustainability in the business world. Moving to a sustainable and successful future may be challenging for human beings, but they can make a sense of all activities pertaining to disruptive innovation and apply them in practice. This can help individuals realise the potential and practicalities of the ideas shared by Professor Clayton (Habtay, 2012). Emphasis on the learning cycle shows that both individuals and companies can embrace the concept of change, which may contribute to expanding sustainability not only in the organisational context but also in society (Christensen et al., 2008). The professor’s teaching is intended to clarify any misunderstanding related to business performance in the contemporary world. His ideas suggest that sustainability and business success are attainable through the simple realisation of companies’ potential (Christensen, 1997). In addition, the development of new capabilities as related to specific organisational boundaries may be a relevant solution to overcome problems i n a company’s performance. Conclusion This paper discussed Professor Clayton Christensen’s theory on disruptive innovation, which has been recognised as a significant tool in driving the growth of many organisations (Christensen et al., 2008). The paper also provided arguments pertaining to the successful implementation of the theory in practice. Ryanair was referred to as an example of company, which adheres to the model of disruptive innovation (Paton, 2013). It has been concluded that Ryanair’s low-cost strategy has brought substantial success to the company. Moreover, the paper discussed details on how the professor’s teaching is inspiring for human beings in the process of moving forward to a sustainable and successful future. References Chandra, Y. and Yang, S. (2011). ‘Managing Disruptive Innovation’. Journal of General Management, vol. 37(2), pp.23-50. Christensen, C., Johnson, C. W. and Horn, M. B. (2008). Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns. New York: McGraw-Hill. Christensen, C. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. Cortez, N. (2014). ‘Regulating Disruptive Innovation’. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, vol. 29(1), pp.175-228. Govindarajan, V., Kopalle, P. K. and Danneels, E. (2011). ‘The Effects of Mainstream and Emerging Customer Orientations on Radical and Disruptive Innovations’. Journal of Product Innovation Management, (1), pp.121-132. Habtay, S. R. (2012). ‘A Firm-Level Analysis on the Relative Difference between Technology-Driven and Market-Driven Disruptive Business Model Innovations’. Creativity & Innovation Management, vol. 21(3), pp.290-303. Jang, S. W. (2013). ‘Seven Disruptive Innovations for Future Industries’. SERI Quarterly, vol. 6(3), pp.94-98. Maldonado, E. R. (2014). ‘How to Identify Disruptive New Businesses’. Global Conference on Business & Finance Proceedings, vol. 9(1), pp.510-520. Paton, M. (2013). Ryanair Profits Soar 21% [online]. The Motley Fool. Available at: http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/01/28/ryanair-profits-soars.aspx [Accessed: 14 August 2014]. Petrick, I. J. and Martinelli, R. (2012). ‘Driving Disruptive Innovation’. Research Technology Management, vol. 55(6), pp.49-57. Schmidt, G. M. and Druehl, C. T. (2008). ‘When Is a Disruptive Innovation Disruptive?’ Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 25(4), pp.347-369.

Dumb Martian Essay Essay

This essay will discuss how the use of irony expresses the theme of revenge in the story â€Å"Dumb Martian† written by John Wyndham. This short story is categorized as science fiction, however John Wyndham classifies his series of short stories as logical fantasy. â€Å"Dumb Martian† was written after the Second World War, where John Wyndham served as a censor in the Ministry of Information. Mr. Wyndham was inspired by his brother’s success in the writing industry and resurrected his writing career in 1951, producing dozens of science fiction short stories as well as novels. â€Å"Dumb Martian† is the story of Duncan Weaver, a middle-aged Earthman, as he takes up the job of a â€Å"way-load station supervisor† on Jupiter IV/II, a sub-moon of Callisto (itself a moon of Jupiter), his home for the next 5 years. It is little more than a small asteroid, with featureless and formidable rocks and two domes. The larger dome was for living space, while the smaller dome was for storage. As a precaution against the possible insanity caused by the sheer isolation and loneliness of his 5-year stint, Duncan decides to take a Martian woman along with him. As well as â€Å"company- of a sort†, he wants someone to cook and deal with domestic chores. Duncan constantly moans about her inability to express emotions and her intellect, and soon turns violent towards her. Alan Whint, a scientist stationed on the same asteroid to conduct a geological survey over the period of 12 months, soon discovers Duncan’s behavior and quarrels for Lellie’s, the Martian and her rights. Duncan sabotages one of Alan’s excursions, leading to his death. But Ellie did not react to Alan’s death or suspect Duncan until the final days of the 5-year stint and avenges Alan’s death. Lellie’s revenge is a major plot twist in the story, accentuated by irony. Duncan had a feeble impression of Lellie, first shown when he offers a pathetic sum of 700 pounds for her services when â€Å"Marts† were priced lowest at 1500 pounds. Duncan also refers to her as â€Å"Dumb† and â€Å"the very look of her irritated him intensely†. Duncan clearly regards her as inferior; nothing but a possession, which he intends on selling for a high price at the end of his spell on Jupiter IV/II. The author captured Lellie’s revenge by making it remarkable, remarkable enough to cost a man’s life. Lellie endured much of Duncan’s abuse, both physically and verbally. â€Å"His hand slapped her face harder than he had intended† and â€Å"sent her sailing across the room in a spin of arms and legs† highlights the horrible treatment of Lellie by Duncan. This abusive behaviour of Duncan, together with the death of Alan Whint which the author had faintly mentioned how Duncan murdered him, sparked a change in Lellie. Lellie wanted to express her anger and prove that she was not dumb in the cruelest way. Lellie fooled Duncan into believing she forgot about Alan and that she did not know what caused his death, and left Duncan outside the dome to slowly die in the emptiness of space. She let him know about her suspicions after she locked him out of the dome by holding Alan’s book in her hands while Duncan stared at her from behind the impermeable membrane of the dome. The use of irony comes up when the reader finds that Lellie had a sharp contrast from Duncan’s views of her. Lellie seemed innocent, weak and dumb from Duncan and other’s point of views. She could not pronounce proper English and her eyes gave her a permanent â€Å"expression of innocence†. It would be easy to believe that Duncan’s perspective of her was true, making the plot twist astonish the reader as much as it had. The author manipulates us into believing Lellie was dumb by the frequent use of the word. Plus, most of the story is told from Duncan’s point of view so Lellie’s deep thoughts were not expressed at all in the story. All the descriptions of Lellie’s naà ¯ve personality lead up to the moment of revenge to create dramatic irony. The irony has a dramatic flair as it shows that at that moment when Duncan realized he was about o die, Lellie was portrayed not as his slave but the master of his faith. The use of dramatic irony emphasizes the extent of Lellie’s revenge on Duncan to create the theme of revenge.

Summary On The Raven Essays - Poetry By Edgar Allan Poe, Free Essays

Summary On The Raven Essays - Poetry By Edgar Allan Poe, Free Essays Summary On The Raven Edger Allen Poes poems are best known for their haunting themes. For example in the poem The Raven which was published in 1845 seemed to be filled with melancholy and thoughts of death. Poe makes use of symbolism in the poem The Raven. On line 3 Poe writes, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there comes a tapping, I think thats a sign that this entire poem takes place while he is in the state of unconscious (dreaming). Again on lines 37 & 38 he writes, Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore, I believe that the raven symbolizes some after life figure. On lines 81,82 S Poe cries, Wretch, I cried, thy god hath lent thee- by these angels he hath sent thee Respite- respite and nepenthe, from thy memories of Lenore! Quoth the Raven, Nevermore, here it is clear that the Raven who reiterates, Nevermore, in Poes dream has been sent to help him relinquish his thoughts of Lenore.

Intercultural Interview Analysis Essay

Intercultural Interview Analysis Essay Intercultural Interview Analysis Essay Cultural changes have been witnessed in most parts of the world. In the current world, it is becoming difficult to maintain indigenous cultures. This is attributed to the rate at which technology is transforming the world across borders and making interactions between people of different cultures easier. The interaction has facilitated erosion of several aspects of people’s cultures. In place of these cultural norms, people adapt universal ways of doing things which determine how they carry out social aspects of their lives. However, this has not always been the case; people had distinct cultural values that determined how they went about their economic and social affairs. These elements identified the different cultural groupings back then. Consequently, understanding these aspects and adapting to them represent the greatest challenge for people who work across borders. Even though there have been continuous erosion of most cultural values, these changes are more pronounc ed in the younger generation. The older generation is more rigid in the aspect that they have held to cultural values. Understanding a people’s culture is critical in communicating with the people. It is the reason why one has to know the culture before setting out to interact with a different cultural group. The best way to understand cultural differences is by carrying out interviews. This paper structures such an interview with a fellow student who is a Mexican. Interview structure The questions to ask in the interview are modeled to understand the differences between North American culture and Mexican culture. These questions put emphasis on the importance of communication in the Mexican culture, and how communication is facilitated across different members of the culture. The first question will ask recognizable differences on how people communicate in America as compared to Mexico. The second question will focus on whether there is equity across gender groups in the Mexican culture. The third question focuses on the use of non verbal signs in both cultures while the last question will ask the difficulties in adapting to American culture if one is from Mexico. Getting adequate answers to these questions will help in understanding the Mexican culture and how communication can be facilitated between an American and a Mexican. Interview analysis The interview which took about 30 minutes brought out certain differences as well as similarities between the two cultures. Most importantly, it helped provide information on how communication can be facilitated between the two cultures. Starting with the differences, the Mexican culture has a different inclination on what prompts their interest in conversations. In North America, it is easy to elicit conversations through fairy tales and detective stories as these thrill a significant part of the American communication. This is very different from Mexicans who find thrill in stories themed on love myths and legends. The difference is critical in establishing what mode of communication to adopt in reference to Americans or Mexicans (Crouch, 2004). It is worth noting that Mexicans delight in fantasy or fantasizing while Americans prefer hard reality. Using factual information as a head start for a conversation with a Mexican may not prompt a conversation and it would hinder communicat ion between the individuals. Americans are automatically trusting. On the other hand, Mexicans are automatically suspicious and require a clear indication of intent coupled with actual evidence before trusting. To encourage communication with a Mexican, one needs to give them time to understand the person or else they would become suspicious. Consequently, in such cases, no meaningful communication would take place. Americans encourage criticism and are not opposed to change. Mexicans on the other hand eschew criticism and are fearful of change. Criticizing a Mexican the same way one would do to an American would attract a hostile reaction which would hinder effective communication. There are also views on gender equity which impacts communication between Americans and Mexicans. Americans have little emphasis on male supremacy and talking to a woman is not taken as belittling a man. In contrast, Mexicans are a patriarchal society where talking to a woman preferentially is viewed as demeaning to a man. This disco urages sober communication and in some instances elicits hostility from the predominantly patriarchal society. However, there are some similarities in the two cultures, the most common being use of gestures in communication. These gestures include nodding which means acceptance and shaking of one’s head which denotes negation (Mente, 2009). These are the only clear cut similarities impacting on information between the American and Mexican cultures. In conclusion, intercultural analysis enabled by this kind of an interview involves an actual encounter between two participants who represent different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. It presents an opportunity to identify similarities and differences between these linguistic and cultural backgrounds. By identifying these differences and similarities, those seeking to interact have a basis of doing it successfully by creating the right impression. The right impression encourages communication and makes it easy to elicit information or conduct business in the foreign culture. However, the success of this is dependent on the structure of the interview which should include questions on all aspects that impact communication within the other culture. From the above comparison, it is easy to understand the Mexican culture and this facilitates easy communication within the cultural setup.

End- or Endo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes

End- or Endo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes The prefix (end- or endo-) means within, inside or internal. Examples Endobiotic (endo-biotic) - referring to a parasite or symbiotic organism that lives within the tissues of its host. Endocardium (endo-cardium) - inner membrane lining of the heart that also covers heart valves and is continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels. Endocarp (endo-carp) - the hard inner layer of pericarp that forms the pit of ripened fruit. Endocrine (endo-crine) - refers to the secretion of a substance internally. It also refers to glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones  directly into the blood. Endocytosis (endo-cytosis) - transport of substances into a cell. Endoderm (endo-derm) - inner germ layer of a developing embryo that forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts. Endoenzyme (endo-enzyme) - an enzyme that acts internally to a cell. Endogamy (endo-gamy) - internal fertilization between flowers of the same plant. Endogenous (endo-genous) - produced, synthesized or caused by factors within an organism. Endolymph (endo-lymph) - the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Endometrium (endo-metrium) - inner mucous membrane layer of the uterus. Endomitosis (endo-mitosis) - a form of internal mitosis in which chromosomes replicate, however the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis do not occur. It is a form of endoreduplication. Endomixis (endo-mixis) - reorganization of the nucleus that occurs within the cell in some protozoans. Endomorph (endo-morph) - an individual with a heavy body type predominated by tissue derived from the endoderm. Endophyte (endo-phyte) - a plant parasite or other organism that lives within a plant. Endoplasm (endo-plasm) - the inner portion of the cytoplasm in some cells such as protozoans. Endorphin (endo-dorphin) - a hormone produced within an organism that acts as a neurotransmitter to reduce the perception of pain. Endoskeleton (endo-skeleton) - an organisms internal skeleton. Endosperm (endo-sperm) - tissue within the seed of an angiosperm that nourishes the developing plant embryo. Endospore (endo-spore) - an inner wall of a plant spore or pollen grain. It also refers to a non-reproductive spore produced by some bacteria and algae. Endothelium (endo-thelium) - thin layer of epithelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and heart cavities. Endotherm (endo-therm) - an organism that generates heat internally to maintain constant body temperature.

The Risks And Ramifications Of An Information Security Case Study

The Risks And Ramifications Of An Information Security - Case Study Example Communication between the company’s headquarters, offices and retail shops could be compromised from any angle given the size of the network infrastructure present in the organization. With such critical information as financial records and details entrusted to the organization, high-level information security is therefore imperative and mandatory. Constant network penetration tests will ensure improved security by identifying possible vulnerabilities that exist within the network system and recommending ways in which they can be mitigated before they are exploited by malicious hackers. The value of the information within the organization’s database is high thus the organization’s network infrastructure and security system are always at constant attack attempts. Alongside, risk assessment, a penetration test is valuable in validating the controls are in place and acting as required to protect the organization’s valuable assets (Conway & Cordingley, 2010). There are a number of guidelines in place to be used in developing an effective and beneficial network penetration test; the assets that are mostly targeted should be identified, the potential intruders and hackers, the likely routes used by the intruders to the organization and how exposed the assets are. The organization's core services such as firewall systems, password syntax, mail DNS, file transfer protocol systems (FTP), database servers, routers and web servers should be tested during a penetration test.... 2.0 Overview There are a number of guidelines in place to be used in developing an effective and beneficial network penetration test; the assets that are mostly targeted should be identified, the potential intruders and hackers, the likely routes used by the intruders into the organization and how exposed the assets are. 2.1 Scope of the test The penetration test is to be done within a time frame of one week, with the permission and knowledge of the organization’s Chief Information Officer. The organization's core services such as firewall systems, password syntax, mail DNS, file transfer protocol systems (FTP), database servers, routers and web servers should be tested during a penetration test. Wireless systems including other potential methods of accessing the network resources and obtaining information should also be included in the penetration test plan. The results of the penetration test will then be presented to the Chief Information Officer with recommendations that c ould help mitigate the risks and eliminate the vulnerabilities detected within the network infrastructure and security system. 2.2 Reconnaissance Reconnaissance involves gathering information about the system which will be used to gain access to the target systems. Passive steps such as social engineering can be used to achieve an effective and successful reconnaissance. The attacker utilizes social skills of interaction with the organization’s personnel in order to gain confidential information such as passwords. Such sensitive information as password, unlisted phone numbers and sensitive network information are always divulged by unsuspecting managers and employees. Through social

Discuss the way in which, Montesquieu encourages his readers to Essay

Discuss the way in which, Montesquieu encourages his readers to identify with or distance themselves from the characters in the - Essay Example This literary style and the socio-political content of the novel as told by two foreign figures enabled its readers to identify with the characters at the same time feel separated from their stories and experiences. It also allowed Montesquieu to achieve his objective in writing the novel. Detachment The first prominent variable that affects the way readers perceive and interpret The Persian Letters is its form. As a collection of letters, which contain discourses and essays on diverse issues, it made the novel disconnected to the readers because the emotional involvement is stunted by the interrupted presentation. This is best explained by Theodore Braun who commented that the novel "moves along in an apparently unpredictable manner from letter to letter, from theme to theme, from interior plot to the exterior plot" making the readers fumble particularly in making sense or identifying the coherence of all the parts provided (Runyon 2005, 13). Readers can also feel the detachment whe n Montesquieu used Persian characters in his narrative. Their characterizations were depicted as alien for the original intended reading public. They are Persians and that their way of life and their perspectives on the French lifestyle represent a glaring difference that is easily identified and sympathized with by the readers. Montesquieu, wrote Hulliung (1976), substituted Persian travelers with psyches that are long written full by Eastern culture and that the interaction between the East and the West could lead to the threat on the Eastern language of despotism (117). By transplanting the two Oriental characters in Paris, there was a depiction of a striking polarity in culture and ideas. Say, when Montesquieu portrayed the Persians as exotic, with sufficient allusions to their cultural norms and their harem and so forth, the reader naturally sided with the West and/or the French society and that the two protagonists - including all that they stood for - came to constitute other ness, the unknown and the unidentifiable. There was an imposed detachment that came with the double plot of the novel. At one point, there was the criticism of the Parisian way of life. On the other hand, there was the Oriental storyline (e.g. the disorder in the protagonist's seraglio back home). This approach enabled Montesquieu to highlight his themes more effectively, more specifically the kind of skepticism and relativism that he obviously wanted to express about the important questions that characterized his time. Furthermore, the differences and the detachment that the author encouraged were necessary in order to explain his ideal social theory. This is when Montesquieu was able to successfully reject the European social theory and advocate the actual expression of human nature as the ultimate solution to the issues and problems that confronted his day (Rossides 1998, 72). Connection It is, however, important to underscore that even though The Persian Letters assumed a degree of disconnect from its readers, there are times when its characters - or the themes and issues they discussed and were involved in - came close to the readers’ hearts and own concerns. As a political allegory, the novel explored, examined and commented on themes and issues that are relevant to the times. For example, there is the issue about love, social institutions, gender equality, religion,

A Critical Examination of Business Set Up Opportunities in USA from A Essay

A Critical Examination of Business Set Up Opportunities in USA from A Company Perspective - Essay Example A number of forces drive organizations into expanding their operations to the foreign markets. Increased competition in the local and foreign markets as well as reduced trade barriers are some of the factors. The international business environment is quite dynamic and a business organization that has to survive in its international operations has to respond to the changes. The strategic business planning to manage this dynamics involves an examination of the bargaining power of the buyers, the bargaining power of the suppliers, the magnitude of rivalry, the other product or service substitutes, or the threats of other new entries into the market. The vending business is not a new practice in the United States, the first machine of this kind being developed as early as the late nineteenth century. The changing patterns are observed in the quality and types of products offered as well as improvement in the vending machines to ensure security and efficiency. Most recently, there have be en shifts towards high capacity vending machines that can vend healthy juices, yoghurt, fresh fruits, or vegetables. Investment in the healthy vending machine can be incredible in the contemporary society if proper strategic planning and management is carried out. The vending machine business is quite appealing to many individuals in the contemporary markets. The business has several associated benefits to the investor. It is characterized by immediate cash flows, all-cash business (no debts or accounts receivable), can operate 24 hours a day everyday, and it needs little expertise in business management or sales and marketing . The clients in this industry require quick service and ‘demand immediate result making fast food too slow. [The] vending machines provide an affordable quick snack’ (Vending Man, 2011b). The clients give more value to healthy vending that produces healthy foods and with no negative long-term effects on the health of the clients. The business is a fun industry that can generate high returns with little investment since it requires few employees (Vending Man, 201 1a). An individual can supply and manage millions of these machines at different locations with the little task of putting in food occasionally, after every few weeks. This report focuses on these opportunities and the establishment strategy for vending machine business in the US market. The socio-political and economic factors in the US market as well as the business strategy to be employed in this business are illustrated. The US market- Environmental analysis The factors external to our organization like laws and regulations in another country, the country’s economic profile, national culture, and market competition affect the decision to establish business in the country (Mead, 2005). Economic analysis The United States is among the countries that suffered the financial crisis and the resulting economic problems that have been experienced globally (Jickling, 2010). Nonetheless, the Federal Reserve and other government agencies like the US Treasury have shown relentless ef forts to restore the situation through improving the financial systems (Marshall, 2009). It is then likely that the buying ability of the US citizens will be improved giving hope for a new business opportunity. Socio-cultural influence The socio-cultural factors in the country also favor the investment in food industry with focus on healthy eating habits. The consumption of soft drinks has been high in the United States in the past and yet these foods have negative impacts on the consumer heath (Jacobson, 1999). The soft drinks add unnecessary calories to the diet and

Art appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art appreciation - Essay Example This activity provided steady employment for many architects and sculptors who organized leading workshops in Greece, revolutionizing Greek classical art and architecture. The Parthenon, built by Menesicles and Ictinus, along with the Propylaea (the gateway with the finest paintings and sculpture of the Classical age) crowned the Athenian Acropolis. Other prominent works included The Panhellenic shrines, Delphi (oracle of Apollo) and Olympia (the shrine of Zeus). Delphi (460 BC) is the athlete offering libation of oil from patera (sacrificial bowl) in thanks for victory1. Ancient Greece produced some of the most exquisite sculptures the world has ever seen. The art reminiscence the freedom of movement, expression, and celebrates mankind as an independent entity. The great artisans of that period worked tirelessly to show the world what artistry could do for mankind. They replaced the strict asymmetry of figures with the free flowing form more true to life, through stone and bronze. The Greeks were fond of their history and most of the sculptures that adorned important government and other prominent buildings were those of the Kouros. Kouros statues dominated the archaic period of Greek Art. These statues were reminders of great Greek men and women who lived and died a popular figure. Most of these statues were stark reminders of those who died centuries ago and remain immortal through their artistic brilliance (Greeklandscapes.com, 2007). During the Classical period the charismatic smile that dominated so many archaic sculptures was replaced by a solemn facial expression. Sculptures which depicted violent and passionate scenes betrayed no expression, for the Greeks, their nobles were next to God, and it was their enemies (the barbarians) who were depicted with dramatic facial expressions (Greeklandscapes.com, 2007). This bronze

Minimum Test Battery for Assessing CANS Function Essay

Minimum Test Battery for Assessing CANS Function - Essay Example The following general points should be considered when choosing tests to assess CANS. The sensitivity of central auditory tests is important and can be determined by testing patients with well-defined lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS). Using a decision matrix model, the test results from these patients can be analyzed in reference to scores (Musiek 81-82). Test selection should be guided by the intended use of the results. Specific tests may be preferred for differential diagnosis and monitoring disease progression or recovery, whereas other tests may be used to reveal functional deficits, to guide intervention planning, and to determine counseling efforts. There should also be a careful consideration of the population for testing (Katz, Stecker & Henderson 12-44). The various populations for central testing should be divided into categories. This will enhance overall test efficiency because the best tests for a target population can be used. Therefore, the test b atteries for assessing CAPD are presented under several categories (Stapells & Oates, 257-280). The auditory test batteries that are used to assess CANS function or dysfunction as the case may be, falls into two major categories: Behavioral tests and Electrophysiological tests. The behavioral tests are usually divided into four subcategories: monaural low-redundancy speech tests, dichotic speech tests, temporal patterning tests, and binaural interaction tests (Picton 225). The selection of tests will depend upon a number of factors, including the age of the individual being assessed, the specific auditory difficulties the individual displays, the individual’s native language, and cognitive status, and so forth. Electrophysiological tests are measures of the brains response to sounds (Blattner et al 179-183).

Sustainability 351 wk 6 forum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sustainability 351 wk 6 forum - Research Paper Example The company has been extremely careful to ensure that the recycled boxes are contamination free and are safe for use (Thomas, 2010). Becoming packaging neutral simply means to cut out the cycle of the useful cardboard being wasted and going directly into the landfills. The focus is to help cut out the cycle and to give a new life to the packaging material, thereby reducing the wastage and prioritizing the use of the packaging materials. Yes, the box as seen in the video clearly does meet the requirements as mentioned above (WalMart, 2014). The packaging neutral is simply a means to cut down the levels of trash, and the volumes of pollution and a means to simply expand the pace consumption of the Walmart forests. The focus and attention is to reduce the use of natural resources to the maximum possible extent. Hence, this is in the true sense in line with the definition of the ‘packaging neutral’ aspect of the

Minimum Test Battery for Assessing CANS Function Essay

Minimum Test Battery for Assessing CANS Function - Essay Example The following general points should be considered when choosing tests to assess CANS. The sensitivity of central auditory tests is important and can be determined by testing patients with well-defined lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS). Using a decision matrix model, the test results from these patients can be analyzed in reference to scores (Musiek 81-82). Test selection should be guided by the intended use of the results. Specific tests may be preferred for differential diagnosis and monitoring disease progression or recovery, whereas other tests may be used to reveal functional deficits, to guide intervention planning, and to determine counseling efforts. There should also be a careful consideration of the population for testing (Katz, Stecker & Henderson 12-44). The various populations for central testing should be divided into categories. This will enhance overall test efficiency because the best tests for a target population can be used. Therefore, the test b atteries for assessing CAPD are presented under several categories (Stapells & Oates, 257-280). The auditory test batteries that are used to assess CANS function or dysfunction as the case may be, falls into two major categories: Behavioral tests and Electrophysiological tests. The behavioral tests are usually divided into four subcategories: monaural low-redundancy speech tests, dichotic speech tests, temporal patterning tests, and binaural interaction tests (Picton 225). The selection of tests will depend upon a number of factors, including the age of the individual being assessed, the specific auditory difficulties the individual displays, the individual’s native language, and cognitive status, and so forth. Electrophysiological tests are measures of the brains response to sounds (Blattner et al 179-183).

Should Welfare Recipients be Drug Tested to Receive Government Aid Research Paper

Should Welfare Recipients be Drug Tested to Receive Government Aid - Research Paper Example Those in support of drug testing the people on public assistance emphasize on the efficient use of taxpayer money and that saving money, that is otherwise deemed to have been used for illicit drug activity, would help in tight state budgets. Edward Buchanan, a Republican speaker of the Wyoming house said, â€Å"The idea from Joe Taxpayer is, ‘I don’t mind helping you out, but you need to show that you’re looking for work, or better yet that you’re employed, and that you’re drug and alcohol-free.’ † (The New York Times, 2012). This is as simple as it gets. The state will test you for drugs before you qualify to receive the compensation. To support the point, Garth Everett, a Republic who defended drug testing legislation said that concern for drug test grew out of bitterness that the workers in many industries are tested for drugs several times, whereas welfare recipients are never subject to any such tests despite a high possibility of drug abuse. Therefore their point is that the government may require drug tests from the recipients of the compensation just to ensure that they are not involved in any illegal activity and utilize their funds responsibly. According to them, this shouldn’t be contrary to the statute and constitution as a government can be seen as an employer of welfare recipients in this case (Hall, 2012). On the other hand, those against the proposal have tried to make their point on the basis of statistical evidence and conclusions drawn therefrom. They argue that the rule to drug test these innocent patients is not in accordance with the US constitution as it makes an unreasonable assumption about the welfare recipients to be drug abusers. Therefore testing these unfortunate citizens for drug abuse would amount to an unconstitutional search of people who sought help. This could also jeopardize the main purpose of this good cause. W. Patrick Goggles, a Democrat  state representative said, â€Å"This legislation assumes suspicion on this group of people, it assumes that they’re drug abusers.†

An exploration of the way Shakespeare presents Claudius to the audience Essay Example for Free

An exploration of the way Shakespeare presents Claudius to the audience Essay The title of William Shakespeares Hamlet, would at first suggested its eponymous hero, Hamlet, is the major character. However, in a sense the whole play evolves around the character and actions of Claudius. Shakespeare has presented Claudius in a phrase as a smiling damned villain, whose greed and selfishness lead the way to his tragic killing of the King. This sums up Claudius excellently, as he has two sides to him, one the public side, smiling and the other the private side damned villain. Claudius starts his opening speech as king by saying, Though yet of Hamlet our dear brothers death (Act I Scene II, Line1) which creates the impression that his brothers death upsets him, but later it is revealed that he was the cause of it. This links in with the theme of seeming and being, where it appears that he is grieving but is actually not. Shakespeare has used seeming and being repeatedly to show the audience that, deception is one of the major parts of the play: My words fly up, my thoughts remain below words without thoughts never to heaven go. (Act III Scene V, Lines 97-8), This is Claudius confession where he tricks the audience and Hamlet into believing he wants forgiveness, but then find out it is not true. This is further highlighted when Claudius is speaking to Hamlet: here in the cheer and comfort of our eye(Act I Scene II, Line116). Again it appears as though Claudius is being caring and wants to look after him, in a way like a father would, but he has said this very cleverly and in reality implies that he wants to keep an eye on him. By using the Pritesh Kotecha Greenford High School words comfort and cheer, Claudius is seen to be passionate and genuine, and the way Shakespeare has presented him to be this skilled politician is essential to his character, as he uses his wit to get himself out of awkward situations. Claudius in several parts of the play uses the word our to manipulate people. In this case, it seems as though he means for him and Gertrude to keep and eye on Hamlet, but in reality he could perhaps be implying, if Hamlet was to do something wrong the whole state could be a witness. Claudius very cleverly uses the term our again at the end of the play: our son shall win(Act V Scene II, Line 190), which gives the impression that Hamlet and Claudius have settled their problems. He has very cleverly switched his attitude from your son to our son as the play progresses, purely because of his public appearance. Also he could have perhaps said this so that when Hamlet dies he would not be a suspect, as he seems so genuine and loving towards Hamlet. When Claudius says your son, he usually says it when he has done something wrong, and implies it is your son your problem. The image of heaven and God is often related to Claudius, not referring to him as a God, but Hamlet uses his father to make bold Claudius lustful character when he says: so excellent a king, that was to this Hyperion to a satyr. (Act I Scene II Line 139 and 140) Here Hamlet very precisely sums up Claudius in comparison to his father because a Hyperion was a glorious sun-god of classical mythology; a satyr was a creature half man half goat. Pritesh Kotecha Greenford High School. The fact that Hamlet refers Claudius to a goat is effective because the goat is seen to be a very lusty animal, and this information along with a lot of other quotes: incestuous and adulterous beast, (Act I Scene V Line 42) a serpent stung me (Act I Scene V, Line 36) gives the audience an animalistic perception of him. The fact that Shakespeare has said serpent stung is ironic as a serpent cannot sting and this makes the quote stand out, as it is eye-catching and alliteration is used here, and the image of a snake or reptile immediately comes to mind. Also, the sibilance here is a s, which is a connotation of evil. Claudius is again compared with God, when Polonius is talking to Claudius, he says: I hold my duty as I hold my soul, both to my God and my gracious king. (Act II Scene II, Line 44 and 45), because he uses Gods name in the same sentence as the kings is ironic because in the past the king was seen to be appointed by God, therefore anything a king was to say had to be obeyed. This is ironic because, in this situation Claudius did not inherit the throne the natural way, and had to commit a vile murder of his own brother to get it. This once more shows his greed and selfishness, as he killed his brother to inherit his possessions: My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen (Act III Scene III, Line 55). He has worded this sentence, mentioning his crown first, implying it means the most to him, and then at the end his queen, which shows he doesnt care as much about her however it does show that he has some feelings for her even though he is portrayed as this selfish character. Repetition is used here, and this sentence stands out and shows Claudius greed as all he is saying is my, my, my. Pritesh Kotecha Greenford High School Shakespeare uses repetition a great deal in Claudius speech, and in this case he uses it to outline Claudius intelligence, like any politician, he uses rhetoric as a way to manipulate people: your father lost a father, that father lost (Act I Scene II, Line 89 and 90), here he is trying to persuade Hamlet that its all part of the circle of life. This is important as it outlines his guilt that Hamlet is grieving for his father so much, and in a way is trying to make him stop mourning to make himself feel better. He even digs so low as he says to Hamlet, you grieving so much is a sin: tis a fault to heaven, a fault against the dead, a fault to nature (Act I Scene II, Line 101 2). Moreover, he again gives himself away unconsciously as he tries so hard to make Hamlet stop grieving. Shakespeare has presented Claudius as a skilled politician in this sentence because again he structures it in three parts, and again repetition is used, to make bold the main point he is trying to get across; your grieving is wrong. Claudius also uses Hamlets vulnerability as a chance to show his power. He refers to Hamlet as being weak and fragile: A heart unfortified, a mind impatient, An understanding simple and unschoold (Act I Scene II, Line 96 and 97). The fact that he has used the words unfortified and impatient, makes this sentence more interesting because he shows his power and intelligence by degrading Hamlet. He says he lacks patience and is very weak, and is not educated. Claudius is portrayed by Shakespeare, to exploit all situations with his language. In this case, he uses very negative words and the effect is it shows him in power over Hamlet. Pritesh Kotecha Greenford High School His power is also shown in his opening speech as king. Here Shakespeare has showed him as very powerful and in control by dealing with all his issues one-by-one. This is a very structured speech and it creates a strong impression on the audience as they see him as a man of control. What wouldst thou beg, Laertes that shall not be my offer not thy asking? (Act I Scene II, Line 45 and 46) Here he is just showing off his power saying what can you ask for that I will not already offer. Shakespeare has added this part in to make him seem passionate and a loyal king. Again, appearance and reality comes into play, as it seems as thought he is doing it to help Laertes, but could perhaps be doing it to show his power. The theme of seeming and being again reoccurs as Claudius is confessing, where he is seen to be legitimate, but again says things he doesnt mean: My words fly up my thoughts remain below, words without thoughts never to heaven go. (Act III Scene V, Line 97 and 98) Claudius deceit is portrayed here, as he is asking for forgiveness but he does not mean it, he cannot even be truthful whilst in prayer. This could have been an act of fright from Claudius as he is now aware that Hamlet knows the truth. This scene is very significant because it shows Claudius for his true colours, a coward. His character is now becoming more apparent to the audience, who now have something to build upon. Rhyming couplets is used here, and Shakespeare uses this a lot at the end of long speeches or scenes and is used as a sort of cue point, to let the other characters aware of when to come in. This line can be shown in many different ways. In the Kenneth Branagh version, Claudius is in a catholic confession box, with some low Pritesh Kotecha Greenford High School melancholy music in the background, and the camera is slowly zooming in on his face. Which creates a more dramatic effect and a more personal tone, and when this line is due, he does not say it but thinks it. In the Franco Zefereli version he is in front of a cross. Franco Zaferelli similarly uses a cross symbolising the same religious meaning as the confessional. Claudius change in character is again shown through his confession speech. A different side to him is shown, perhaps because he is now aware that Hamlet knows the truth, and now asks for forgiveness. Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens to wash it white as snow? (Act III Scene V, Line 46) The language in this sentence is very powerful as Claudius uses natural elements, rain and snow, to outline his sin. Claudius graphic description of his sin is strong evidence, and his desire to temptation leaves him tormented by his guilty conscience. Also, because Claudius uses the colour white, it makes him seem more pure and guilty, as white is a connotation of purity, and a blank slate. In the Branagh version, he whispers this line and the audience see him as being honest and this effect is it makes him seem more apologetic. Although Claudius is portrayed as this corrupted villain, his character is wide open to interpretation. In a sense that although he killed his brother to marry Gertrude, he still has strong feelings for her: She is so conjunctive to my life and soul That, as the star moves not but in his sphere, I could not buy her(Act V Scene VII, Line 14-16). Here Claudius uses the earth and the planets to state his love for Gertrude, and implies that without her he would not be able to do anything. Although Shakespeare has Pritesh Kotecha Greenford High School. presented him to have strong feelings towards Gertrude, his greed and selfishness overrule his love for her: Gertrude do not drink [aside] It is the poisond cup. It is too late. (Act V Scene II, Lines 294 296) Just because he wants to get his own way, he jeopardizes her life and throughout the play, his actions lead to the death of seven innocent people, because he cannot resist his temptation and has to cover up his crime. In conclusion, Claudius is portrayed as a good king with bad qualities. Although he does have some good aspects as king, him being intellectual and powerful, his bad qualities over weigh his good. In a sense that, he is greedy and selfish, putting his own desire first, and going to any limits to reach his goal. Shakespeare has presented him excellently, with witchcraft of his wit(Act I Scene V, Line 43) allowing him to conceal his true colours, except for when he repented and confessed to God. Throughout the play, Shakespeare uses one good quote to define his character as; smiling damned villain(Act I Scene V, Line 106), as it shows that he has two sides to him in every way, public and private, caring and selfish, and cleaver but not very wise.

Parthenogenesis Essay -- Asexual Reproduction, Honeybees

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction found most commonly in lower organisms and plants. Sometimes known as virgin birth, parthenogenesis, involves the growth of an individual without fertilization. Discovered in the 18th century by naturalist and philosopher, Charles Bonnet, parthenogenesis is a progressive evolutionary strategy that some organisms have employed to maintain a colony. Just as there are benefits to organisms that utilize parthenogenesis, like reproduction without the need of male gametes, there are costs, such as a decrease in genetic variation. In the intricate eusocial organization of honeybees, there are three social classes –queen bee, worker bees and drone bees. The queen bee, as the name entails, holds the superior position in the colony. The queen bee lays all the eggs in the colony, being the only bee with a set of completely developed ovaries and having life-long fertility (Back Yard Beekeepers Association n.d.). After only one mating flight were the queen mates with a couple male drone bees, she stores the sperm to later fertilizes some of the eggs. The eggs that get fertilized develop into female worker bees and the eggs that develop without fertilization produce male drone bees. Due to the high maintenance of both the colony and its products, i.e. honey, most of the bees in a hive are female worker bees. These worker bees carry on a magnitude of different tasks, not including reproduction, which is reserved only for the queen. The male drone bees are reserved for mating with the queen bee. Following copula tion, the drone dies because of their barbed sex organ (Back Yard Beekeepers Association n.d.). Scientists have been puzzled at how this multifaceted organization is maintained bu... ...nd genetic factors play a part in sex-determination (Slobodchikoff and Daly 1971). However in some other hymenopterans, parthenogenesis occurs via thelytoky parthenogenesis. There is a subspecies of honeybee, the Cape bee (Apis mellifera capensis), which is known to exhibit thelytoky, the production of diploid females from unfertilized eggs, eliminating the paternal genome (Heimpel and de Boer 2008). In the case of the Cape bee, the queen bee determines whether the eggs are haploid or diploid (Oldroyd et al. 2008). By thelytoky parthenogenesis, the Cape queen be can produce clones of herself (Oldroyd et al. 2008). Undergoing a different form of parthenogenesis gives Cape bees the advantage of creating males that could mate with other queens (Oldroyd et al. 2008), involving one individual for reproduction, and a decrease in gene loss (Slobodchikoff and Daly 1971).

The Influence of Jazz Around the World Essay -- Music

Jazz music originated in the late 1800s in the southern area of the United States. Its’ specific birthplace is New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the first genre of music to adopt other genres of music and blend them together. When the topic of music is brought up, many artists often refer to New Orleans as being the Melting Pot of Sound. Genres that were adopted by jazz are opera, folk music, blues, a variety of church music, ragtime, and African drumming. All of those sounds merged together and became the face of jazz. â€Å"There is a tremendous variety in jazz; the music is rhythmic, has a forward momentum called "swing," and employs "bent" or "blue" notes† (Armstrong). My main argument is that jazz music has influenced other genres as well as cultures and artists around the world. Jazz music is formed within improvisation and other aspects of black music such as blues and ragtime to make a particular form of music (scholastic.com). In jazz, musicians often play whatever comes to mind on the spot, or they playback a specific melody or chord sequence. Before there was jazz, there was blues. It is an African American derived genre of music that displayed the pain of the lost and injustice and gave expression of relieving a broken heart and facing down adversity. The blues included hymns, work songs, and field hollers. Although this may not sound like it could be jazz, it very well is. Blues is actually the foundation of jazz as well as the prime source of rhythm and blues, rock ‘n’ roll, and country music. Even today it is still evolving and widely played. Jazz music started placing long melodic sounds between the established beat quite regularly. This technique, called syncopation, gives the music... ...Interwar Paris† (1940). Print. â€Å"Social Movements, Music, and Race† Princeton Press. http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9210.pdf Peretti, Burton. â€Å"Creation of Jazz: Music, Race, and Culture in Urban America.† Board Trustee of the University of Illinois 1992. . "About Louis Armstrong." PBS. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr 2012. . Armstrong, Louis. Swing That Music. 1995. Print. Mackin, Laurence. "'Jazz is the great grandfather of hip hop'." (2011): n. page. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.. "Hip Hop's Jazz Roots." n. page. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. . "Jazz- Music Of Puerto Rico." n. page. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. .

Academic Challenges and Professional Goals

Please explain any academic and/or professional goals you have established for yourself and your efforts to accomplish these goals. Describe with examples of your leadership experience, in or out of school/college in which you significantly influenced others, helped resolve disputes, or contributed to group efforts: When I started college, my goal was to pick a major and stick with it until I was finished! Well I have halfway done that. I completed my undergraduate with honors in Elementary Education sticking with it until after student teaching, graduation, and certification. However, upon completion I realized that while I love children and teaching I cannot be stuck inside a building all day. Therefore, after completing my bachelors in December of 2012 I decided it was time to enroll at Southwestern Oklahoma State University and get a graduate degree in Sports Management. My goal as an educator was to be the best motivator and encourager I could be and I feel that I can also carry these goals over into sports management. With my ultimate professional goal to become an Intercollegiate Rodeo Coach. In an effort to complete this goal I chose a college in which I had heard great things about the rodeo coach and the program; thus, choosing SWOSU. As a student at SWOSU it's my goal to do my very best in every class receiving an A if possible. My goal is to show future employers that I am dedicated and I always do my best. At SWOSU I have been helping at rough stock practice in an effort to learn both sides of the arena. I have also chosen electives that I feel will help my students mentally prepare for competition. Last year and this coming year I will serve as the Central Plains Goat Tying Director. Serving as director I have studied the rule-book thoroughly with an effort to be prepared to the paperwork side of being a collegiate coach. I have worked hard to establish myself as a fierce competitor, potential coach and professional clinician. I have done this through winning the 2012 CNFR Reserve Champion Cowgirl title through hard work and a tight balance between school and practice. As a clinician I have took control of my own success making phone calls and raising money to put on many Pro bono clinics for organizations such as Range Riders Youth organization, Cal Farley's Boys Ranch, and rodeo bible camps. At these camps and clinics I have the chance to become an established leader and role model in many of these kids lives. I make it my utmost priority to keep in touch with many of these kids through email. Many of these students send me videos to critique and ask advice on questions both inside and outside of the arena. I am also the current Fellowship of Christian Cowboys-Rodeo Bible Camp Woman's Timed Event Coordinator. This means that I work to find clinicians to volunteer at more than 25 rodeo bible camps across the country in which I must find at least twelve women for each. Doing this has allowed me to meet some great people in which I have been able to lead in educating students in rodeo and a relationship with Christ. Please describe the most significant academic or personal challenge you have faced. Discuss the steps you have taken to address this challenge and what you have learned about yourself during the process: The most personal challenge I have faced is not necessary your typical physical adversary, but rather one of the mind, character, and emotions. My most personal challenge has been to overcome pride. Pride in my school work, pride in who I thought I was, and pride in my accomplishments inside the arena. The problem with pride is that it develops a mentality of fierce competition against everyone all the time. The problem with pride is that it becomes self-consuming-a place where no one else but self exists. With my goal to be successful at everything I did, I never made time for anyone else. Rather I was driven by to-do-lists and tight schedules. I have had a hard time overcoming my pride and making time for others. As a Christian I understand that God has commanded us to love your neighbor as yourself,† but when someone is consumed with their goals that doesn't leave much time for loving others. After God humbling me time and time again I finally gave up and allowed Him to be my goal; thus, replacing my pride with Him and His will. Pride has been something that has not been easy to overcome and it's something I have to overcome daily; however, I am not only getting better I am overcoming it! Through this process I have learned that I am inherently selfish and I can quickly become consumed with my self-goals of being â€Å"successful.† I have learned that success is not being the best in the classroom, arena, or life as the world sees it. Rather success is leaving people with a loving legacy. In the words of Maya Angelou – â€Å"I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made

Albert Bandura-social cognitive learning theories

Essay 4 Pieter van Rooyen 17333652 Albert bandura can be regarded as one of the most important representatives of social cognitive learning theories. He’s theory on observational learning (learning by observing behavior) is the single most important form of learning. He argues that people learn most of their behavior through observation and only a little through direct contact. The reason for this is the complexity of most behavior, and that this can’t be learned through verbal instructions.This essay will focus on the principles of observational learning, highlight the strength and weaknesses, and also how observational learning can promote positive intergroup relations on campus at the University of Stellenbosch. Observation is a common learning tool and many, if not most do it unconsciously. The term modeling is used to describe this. This is when an observer observes the behavior of a model and then repeats the behavior. There are a few factors that influence this o bservational learning.They are the nature of the modeled behavior, the characteristics of the model, the characteristics of the observer, the result of the models behavior and the self-efficacy perception of the observer. The nature of the modeled behavior refers to the actual behavior. The situation in which the behavior takes place and if it is new or old behavior. New behavior attracts more attention than old behavior. The characteristics of the model plays an important role in observation learning.This includes age, sex, race and status. A model with high status is more likely to be imitated. The observer’s characteristics also play a major role in learning new behavior. The motivation and interests of the observer as well as the values and self-confidence has a major impact on the selection of models to imitate. An important factor is the result of the models behavior to determine whom to imitate. The reward gained from a certain behavior is a major motivator to imitate behavior.The final factor, the self-efficacy perception of the observer means that the observer needs to believe in his own capabilities to reproduce behavior. One can’t try to imitate an Olympic gymnast if you don’t believe you can. The strength of Bandura’s observational learning theory is that it gives a clear and accurate picture of how behavior is learnt. We can clearly see that adults and children copy each other’s behavior in certain situations. Strength to his theory is that it can be applied to real world problems, like cultural gaps or discipline problems at school level.This could mean that proper behavior can result large scale changes among people if only more people model the right behavior. One of the clear weaknesses in the observational learning theory is that too much emphasis is placed on what happens to the observer after he imitates the model rather that what the observer actually does with the information gained from the model. Inter group relations at the University of Stellenbosch can really benefit from positive social behavior.When one social group sees another social group, regardless of race, gender, age or religion act in a positive and uplifting manner and reap rewarding results from this, this could lead to change in the former social group. Even more, if this is done properly, it can quickly spread and even more social groups can bring on change, first in their own group then by modeling it, change another group. This can defiantly lead to a positive change on Stellenbosch campus.

Gender Issues In Primary Literacy Education Essay

The ‘gender spread ‘ within literacy at Key Stage 2 has late become a greater issue as the under-achievement of male childs within reading and authorship has been highlighted as a cause for concern ( Barrs and Pigeon, 1998 ; Millard, 1997 ; Wood, 2000 ) . As both male and female students are taught in the same manner, it is hence of import to research and discourse the issues which have lead to male childs in the primary school falling behind the misss. The National Literacy Trust ( NLT, 2010 ) has surveyed 17,000 immature people about their reading patterns. The consequences of this survey showed that 39 % of misss admitted to reading every twenty-four hours, compared with 28 % of male childs. Furthermore the survey besides revealed that 19 % of male childs say they merely read in category while merely 11 % of misss agree with this statement, 24 % of male childs think reading is deadening, compared with 13 % of misss and 45 % of misss like traveling to the library, while merely 35 % of male childs do. Such consequences merely serve to corroborate that the disparity in how both genders view themselves as readers, every bit good as the procedure of reading. This is particularly of import as farther NTL surveies have shown that reading frequence is strongly linked to attainment degrees, with 60 % of those who read every twenty-four hours accomplishing above the expected degrees for their age compared with merely 5 % of those who â€Å" ne'er † read accomplishing above the expected degrees. When discoursing the ‘explanations ‘ of low accomplishment degrees of male childs in Literacy at Key Stage 2, we must non merely see formal factors within the school and schoolroom, but besides any cultural and societal influences on the student. To get down it would be prudent to look at what may be considered the most of import factor act uponing an person ‘s literacy pattern, how they see themselves as readers. This is besides known as their ‘reader ego construct ‘ . Henk and Melnick ( 1995 ) believe that persons are influenced by this construct, and the procedure of doing the simple pick of whether reading is worth it. The person, they believe, calculates the attempt that would be needed for the reading undertaking and hence makes a determination on whether reading is to be avoided or non. Further surveies, from Clark and Foster ( 2005 ) , and McKenna et Al ( 1995 ) have found that boys by and large have more negative ego constructs than misss, and hence conclude that boys hold more negative positions towards reading. Such self constructs and position points lead to a low degree of motive towards reading, both within school and at place and may explicate why males are less likely than females to read for pleasance ( Cipielewski & A ; Stanovich, 1992 ; Libsch and Breslow, 1996 ; Logan & A ; Johnston, 2009 ) . There are a figure of research undertakings which suggest that these self concepts vary between the genders due to innate literacy ability. They province misss develop their verbal accomplishments quicker than male childs, and show between the ages of 18 to 24 months to hold superior verbal abilities to male childs ( Galsworthy et al, 2000 ) . In add-on Locke et Al ( 2002 ) found that misss ‘ linguistic communication abilities and non-verbal abilities were significantly better than male childs when come ining into instruction. Therefore, there is grounds that suggests that from the really start of formal schooling there is a little gender spread in literacy. Galsworthy goes on to province that due to these early differences, â€Å" a instruction attack which does non trust to a great extent on verbal accomplishments for word reading may profit male childs. † Coupled with this, Thompson ( 1987 ) believes that grounds shows a difference in schemes in the manner male childs and misss trade with reading. This belief lies in the grounds demoing that male childs and misss learn otherwise, hence, it is of import that there are gender friendly attacks to learning in topographic point in the schoolroom. Johnson and Watson ( 2005 ) conducted research to endorse these claims up, they found that with respects to reading and spelling, a technique concentrating on a ‘systematic man-made phonic ‘ method produced a much more positive response from male childs, whereas, female students performed to a higher criterion when taught with an ‘analytic-phonic attack. ‘ The research above non merely shows that boys learn in a different manner to misss, but besides suggests that they besides enjoy different types of text. Barrs ( 1998 ) , Hall and Coles ( 1997 ) and Moss ( 1999 ) each recommend a alteration in how reading communities are created in school, with the bulk, they all concur, tailored towards the reading manner and penchants of female scholars, whilst male scholars ‘ demands and penchants are grossly underrepresented. They form this sentiment due to school libraries concentrating their attending on fiction and narrative. Whereas, they province, male childs have been shown to prefer non-fiction texts. Furthermore, Millard ( 1997 ) and Probst ( 2003 ) agree suggest that current curricular accent and the text pick of the instructor do non fit the involvement, or the demands of male students. When interviewed about such alterations taking topographic point in primary school throughout the state, National Literacy Trust Director Jonathan Douglas stated in 2010: â€Å" We have late experienced immense success with a undertaking that inspired male childs to read through the exhilaration environing the football World Cup. More things like this must be done to instil a love of reading in male childs, and to alter their negative attitudes. We need to demo boys that reading and composing are ‘cool ‘ and are the first measure on a promising calling way and towards a successful life † A deficiency of apprehension of the issues above has the possible to take to boys avoiding reading. Millard ( 1997 ) , states that these cognitive differences are non the lone issues confronting male childs in footings of under accomplishment in literacy. She emphasizes the importance of reading function theoretical accounts at place and in school, peculiarly as reading is being perceived as a feminine activity due to female members of the household and primary school instructors, of which the bulk are female, supplying the premier support for reading. It would be of import, hence, for both male and female function theoretical accounts within the place or school to demo reading as an gratifying activity and above all else, its utilizations. By witnessing these grownups value reading in this manner the kid can get down to understand that reading is an of import activity. Rasinski and Fredericks ( 1991 ) province that: â€Å" It is important that kids see their parents use reading for a assortment of intents from amusement to keeping a occupation. Parents should demo kids the many ways that they use reading. † The basic undertaking of a parent reading for pleasance, hence, has the possible to act upon the kid ‘s perceptual experience of reading and would accordingly hold an tremendous power and long standing consequence on the kid ‘s educational success. Without being allowed to see reading in such contexts, the value of reading is non appreciated by a bulk male child ( Millard, 1997 ) . Millard ‘s concluded that the sentiment of many of the male childs questioned regarded reading as simply ‘a phase to travel through ‘ , and that one time they had learnt how to read, they could see small ground in go oning to make so. Furthermore, with respects to composing, research by Millard has shown through interviews with instructors that this spread is perceived to widen throughout the primary old ages of instruction. The interviews non merely show that gender differences are prevailing in relation to hapless attitudes towards literacy and usage of linguistic communication etc. But besides show that when discoursing their narratives, instructors report male students as holding ‘good thoughts ‘ , and demoing greater creativeness and imaginativeness than female scholars. Furthermore, Maynard and Lowe ( 1999 ) in their research found that instructors, when interviewed, reported that their male scholars seemed to bask composing activities, whereas their female scholars showed a great involvement and enjoyment at such undertakings. This is reported to be because of the male childs ‘ greater reluctance to compose narratives and their troubles in get bying with the many demands of narrative and f iction authorship. Similarly, Kanaris ( 1999 ) has stated that this is due to the different ways in male and female primary school kids use composing to build significance: â€Å" Girls by and large write longer, more complex texts. They tend to utilize a broad scope of both verbs and adjectives and develop their texts with more focal point on description and amplification. Boys ‘ composing tends to be more ‘event focused ‘ and is much more egoistic. . . ( they are ) less likely than misss to take themselves from the Centre of the action and state their narratives from the point of view of an perceiver. † Kanaris ‘ survey considers that written narratives by male students, hence, deficiency item and description and, like their penchants for reading, tend to concentrate on facts utilizing linguistic communication of ‘cartoons and cartoon strips ‘ instead than the descriptive linguistic communication asked for by the instructor, moreover, male childs were besides identified as less disquieted than the misss about pacifying the instructor with right replies and increased attempt. This peculiar idiosyncrasy was identified by Pollack ( 1998 ) as a ‘suicide cistron ‘ due to the male childs ‘ lassitude towards pacifying the instructor taking to underperformance, and he states that, â€Å" When male childs are non successful in school, their assurance is impairedaˆÂ ¦leaving them more likely to digest disciplinary jobs, be suspended from school or dropping out of school † . These disciplinary jobs are widely discussed within instruction literature as possible causes of male underachievement in literacy. ( Mac and Ghaill, 1994 ; Rudduck et al. , 1995 ; Younger and Warrington, 1996 ; Salisbury and Jackson, 1996 ; Warrington and Younger, 1999 ) The grounds in such studies returns to how male childs see female functions and male functions within society etc. The research workers concur that the impressions of maleness that boys conveying with them to instruction are in direct struggle with the ethos of the school in that they place really small value in the power of authorization. Younger et Al ( 1999 ) and Myhill ( 2000 ) believe that due to these peculiar perceptual experiences that male childs are conveying to school they begin to play up to peer group force per unit area upon image and attitude, impacting motive and committedness towards their work. Such surveies have shown engagement in category have been low, and even demo that some higher accomplishing male childs contribute less constructively than others within schoolroom treatment. Swain ( 2000 ) and Tinklin et Al ( 2001 ) believe that this behavior is an act to build their ain image of maleness within their friendly relationship and equal groups. Furthermore, Younger et Al province that during whole-class treatments whilst their part is less constructive, there is grounds of male childs ruling in the schoolroom. Taking the signifier of naming out more frequently than misss, and therefore are reprimanded more frequently. Whilst such behaviors can be damaging to their ain accomplishment in literacy, as being reprimanded can take to a bead in motive as antecedently discussed, this peculiar signifier of schoolroom behavior is besides to the hurt of misss. Their reaction to boys ‘ laterality in category room treatment has resulted in lowered outlooks and poorer attitudes towards acquisition ( Howe, 1997 ) . Hey et Al. ( 2000 ) conducted interviews with primary school kids in order to look into why such behavior from the ‘higher ability ‘ students is go oning. The students frequently admitted to experiencing like they have to feign non to be interested in work as an effort to maintain their topographic point in the hierarchy within the schoolroom. With this in head coupled with research from Van Der Gaer et Al ( 2009 ) in which they studied enjoyment of work and the consequences achieved in specific topics within school. Whilst they agree that misss seem to bask literacy more, and are more occupied in the exercisings, when taken this difference in gender into history the consequences acquired by the students did n't demo as bigger disparity between male childs and misss as might be expected. They hence believe that any gender spread in attainment is non down to ability, but largely down to engagement in the topics. It is interesting to observe at this point that research show s whilst male childs are fighting within a topic that is perceived as ideally suited towards female scholars the spread appears in topics in which are seen traditionally as male, such as scientific discipline and maths ( Millard, 1997 ) . Following on from Van Der Gaer et Al, Mead ( 2006 ) published a paper that stated that the overall accomplishment of male child has been increasing, and are now executing at a degree every bit high as it has of all time been. The job is, they believe, that misss are excessively executing at their highest degrees of all time. Research such as this, hence, suggests that it is non a instance of male childs underachieving in footings of what is expected of them, as they are deriving the highest Markss that they of all time have. It ‘s more a instance of misss within literacy executing above outlooks. When nearing the instruction of literacy within the schoolroom, the above issues need to be considered in order to efficaciously include both genders within the topic. Initially within the schoolroom, I would work towards bettering male childs ‘ accomplishment within literacy through the debut of stuff deemed appropriate to the acquisition manners of male scholars, whilst still leting for female students to be taught in a manner that suits their learning/reading manners ( Millard, 1997 ; Probst, 2003 ; Johnson and Watson, 2005 ) . With respects to reading, some suggestions to make this include reading fiction based on subject that stereotypically involvement male childs such as football based fiction or music etc. If utilizing this technique within my schoolroom, it is imperative to let scholars the chance to choose books that they would wish to read this will guarantee that the high degrees of accomplishment by female students will go on, whilst leting the male students to acc omplish higher as Former Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Charles Clarke, wrote in the Excellence and Enjoyment Strategy ( 2004 ) , â€Å" What makes good primary instruction great is the merger of excellence and enjoyment. Children learn better when they are excited and engaged – but what excites them and engages them best is genuinely first-class instruction, which challenges them and shows them what they can make. † Through the execution of such instruction attacks would besides assist further issues within the gender spread in literacy, viz. that of male motive towards reading and school. As discussed antecedently, a deficiency of male function theoretical accounts towards reading has led to male students making the sentiment that reading is slightly a female activity which is non of import for accomplishment ( Millard, 1997 ) . As a male instructor it is my function to move as a good function theoretical account for male scholars in order to demo good pattern of reading and its utilizations etc. Furthermore, the reading and grounds suggesting that parental engagement in reading is of import would besides act upon my instruction of kids both in and out of the schoolroom. Due to research saying the importance of parental engagement towards reading and composing, I would promote parents of my students to go more active towards literacy outside of the schoolroom and school environment. This nevertheless, might be hard to implement as Toomey ( 1993 ) found in research of over 40 households really resulted in no major difference in attainment being recorded. It would hence be appropriate to develop and develop the parents ‘ accomplishments at easing their kid ‘s literacy accomplishments, instead than merely simply inquiring them to ‘listen ‘ to their kid ‘s reading, with no scheme to work from ( Hayden, 1995 ) . Whilst looking at the benefits of being a male instructor and that going a good function theoretical account to boys within the primary school, every bit good as all other scholars, such a duty can assist move as a hindrance towards a deficiency of constructive engagement in the schoolroom and a bead in acceptable behavior of male childs in school. Swain ( 2000 ) and Tinklin et Al ( 2001 ) province that such behavior is an effort to build an image of maleness within equal groups, nevertheless, by developing my attack to learning it is possible to project a masculine character whilst besides being interested in larning ( Hey et al. , 2000 ; Younger et Al, 1999 ; Myhill, 2000 ) , moreover, Larsen-Freeman ( 2000 ) province that this attack would be successful as larning becomes even more effectual due to it being â€Å" facilitated in a cheerful environment † , whilst enthusiasm has been identified as a outstanding instructor behavior that affects pupil acquisition ( Carlise & A ; Phillips, 1984 ) . Finally, within the schoolroom I would be cognizant of the differences between male and female scholars with respects to larning manners. As discussed, Gipps ( 1996 ) and Warrington and Younger ( 2000 ) province that female students have a more co-operative manner to larning and as such are more likely to join forces with each other taking to a much more successful clip within instruction. Whilst boys it is believed ( Hey ey Al, 2001 ) have a wholly unaware of the benefits that speaking and sharing has towards larning. Therefore, a seating agreement that encourages the communicating between the genders may be appropriate in order to assist promote both genders learn from each other and develop larning manners from their equals ( Vygotsky, 1978 ; Bennett & A ; Dunne, 1992 ) .