Monotheism essays

Monotheism essays The baroque period was characterized by a heroic, dramatic and emotional theme. With well know names like Rembrant, Bach, Pennini, Caravaggio, Bernini, Tintoretto, Velasques, Poussin, Handel, and Rubens, the period produced many popular pieces of music and art. The art of the period was filled with movement, light versus shadow, and the use of the whole surface. The composers incorporated new ideas into their music such as different major and minor scales, the use of the violin, a regular rhythm, a melody that was hard to sing to, terrace dynamics, the basso continuo, and instrumental music was now considered as good as vocal music. The baroque period was an important piece of history in the shaping of the music and art world. George Frideric Handel was a composer of amazing talents and abilities. Although in todays society he is not as well known as Bach, his work was kept in high regards by the people of the time. Both Handel and Bach were born in 1685 about a month apart, and together the world was stunned by the masterpieces created by these great minds. Handel, being born on February 23, in Halle, Germany, was not from a musical family. As a child he was introduced to the harpsichord by his aunt, and soon after he began to practice the art that he loved. His father showed no interest in Handels music and disowned him saying, " Then let him be a clown, a tightrope walker, a minstrel or a bear trainer!" On a business trip, Handel accompanied his father to the city of Weissenfels, where he happened to slip away into the town church, and began to play an improvised rendition of the postlude to the service. After seeing the remarkable talent of the young boy, the duke of the church persuaded Han dels father that "...to ignore this talent would be a sin against God."2 Handel began his lesson with Duke Zackow soon after, being instructed in the playing of the organ, the harpsichord, and the violin. At t...

The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay Example The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay working in partnership with other public administrations, the voluntary sector, kids and immature people, parents and carers, and the wider community. ( Beginning: Working Together to Safeguard Children, 2006 ) . The function of statutory services in relation to kids and households is to employ professionals who are committed to the cause of assisting kids to remain safe. The services need to use staff that understands their duties and responsibilities in these hard state of affairss, so any administration that trades with safeguarding kids needs to do certain that all members of staff are safe to work with kids and immature people by supplying a thorough individuality cheque. Besides the administration that provides this service needs to be equipped to cover with any allegations including 1s made against staff by holding clear processs in topographic point. All staff have to hold regular up to day of the month preparation and apprehension of the topic while working in this environment and they besides need to understand the correct procedures if working with spouse administrations. The voluntary sector is undertaken by administrations that are non for net income and non-governmental such as charities like Childline, the NSPCC and churches. This sector plays an of import portion in supplying information and resources to the general populace who may be unable or afraid to reach other sectors about the public assistance of some kids. They may besides specialize in a peculiar country of maltreatment and may hold greater and better apprehension of the topic as their members of staff have experienced more in-depth preparation. Like the populace sector their staff paid or voluntaries need to travel through the same procedure as the staff from the populace sector that is stated in paragraph 2.8 in Working together to Safeguard Children 2006. Like the voluntary sector, the independent sector besides has to stay by the ordinances that come with working towards safeguarding kids. The Independent sector is non financed through the revenue enhancement system by local or national authorities, and is alternatively funded by private beginnings. Such independent services are private schools, get oning schools, private counselors and private charities such as UNICEF. A non statutory service is one which may or may non be supplied, at the discretion of the authorization concerned. LOC2- Evaluate the statute law model and processs for kid protection at national and local degree. There are several legislative frameworks/laws and processs for kid protection at national and local degree which are continually being amended, updated and revoked. One of the important pieces of statute law is The Children Act 2004 which led to a considerable alteration in the manner services are straight concerned with functioning kids and households. As a consequence of audience with kids and households following Lord Laming s question into the awful and tragic decease of Victoria Climbi A ; eacute ; , the authorities announced its programs to reconstitute kids s services to assist accomplish five results for wellbeing. The authorities outlined these results in its Every Child Matters ( ECM ) docket, saying that to accomplish wellbeing in childhood and in ulterior life kids and immature people want to: be healthy ; be safe ; enjoy and achieve ; do a positive part ; and achieve economic wellbeing ( DfES, 2004b ) . These five results for wellbeing are now the ends for Every Child Matters and all services that are concerned in the instruction and public assistance of kids and immature people are bound to guarantee these results are achieved. The Every Child Matters Outcomes Framework ( DCSF, 2008b ) for enabling kids and households to be safe requires that Early Old ages scenes and primary schools must show that they are enabling kids to be safe from ill-treatment, disregard, force and sexual development, and from inadvertent hurt and decease, and that kids and immature people have security, stableness, are cared for and are safe from strong-arming and favoritism. This is a really complex country for those who work with kids, or intend to work with kids, in portion because of the sum of statute law that is attached to these issues. The Education Act 2002 places a responsibility on Early Year scenes and schools to safeguard and advance the public assistance of all kids, including guaranting they provide a safe environment themselves and take stairss, through their policies, pattern and preparation, to place child public assistance concerns and take action to turn to them, in partnership with other administrations where appropriate ( HM Government, 2006:13 ) . The Education Act 2002 besides places this responsibility on childminders and any administration that provides twenty-four hours attention for kids of whatever age. Locally the group of people responsible for co-ordinating what is done by administrations in Essex to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids and to guarantee the effectivity of this activity is the Essex Safeguarding Children Board ( ESCB ) . But despite all the statute law and policies, the authorities ever seems to alter these policies when something awful happens such as Victoria Climbi A ; eacute ; and Baby P, why do ..Help! ! ! ca nt believe what to compose! ! LOC3- Debate theories of maltreatment such as medical, feminist, societal and psychological theoretical accounts. While all the statute law is in topographic point to protect against injury to kids and households and it is besides in topographic point to protect the professional working with them. The general populace s usual sentiment of an maltreater is that they are unnatural, ill or condemnable. The grounds for maltreatment may be deep and complex. The actions of an maltreater are decidedly incorrect but why did they take them? There are tonss of different theories as to why maltreaters abuse. Some of the more widely held theories are: The societal theoretical account definition is where a kid copies the behavior of them grownups that surround them. Albert Bandura ( 1977 ) related to the societal learning theories of other of import professional in kid development such as Vygotsky and Lave. This theory includes facets of behavioral and cognitive acquisition. He believed that behavioral larning assumes that people s environment cause people to act in certain ways. Besides he believed in cognitive acquisition which is when person experiences or acquires cognition, he presumed that psychological factors are of import for act uponing how people behave. Another theory is the medical theoretical account. John Bowlby ( 1969-80 ) , is recognized as one of the most outstanding theoreticians in researching societal effects on kid development, in peculiar he is celebrated for his attachment theory ( Flanagan, 1999 ) . When Bowlby foremost began discoursing this theory his work focused on the importance of the fond regard a kid has with its female parent. The present recognized theory is that kids can organize a figure of fond regards with grownups other than their biological female parent, what is of import is that kids need caring and fostering relationships in order to boom, and non merely the basic demands of nutrient and shelter ( Foley et al. , 2001 ; 211 ) . Bowlby believed that there was a critical period of adhering in the first twelvemonth of life. Much research has been done that suggests a strong correlativity between female parents who have non formed a strong fond regard to their kids and kid maltreatment and disregard. If non treated conditions such as postpartum depression ( or post-natal depression as it is more normally known ) could take to the female parent holding a negative fond regard with the kid. A farther influential theoretician in the country of kid development is Erikson ( 1902-1994 ) who in the sixtiess devised a theoretical account of human societal development that focuses more on the impact of background and environment on development, instead than familial clinchers. This is known as a psychosocial theoretical account ( Miller, 2003 ) . The importance of this theory is that it explores how the beliefs, attitudes and values we grow up to keep are shaped by our familial sensitivity towards incentive Acts of the Apostless and how the environment we grow up in impacts on those natural features. Therefore, Erikson maintains, we are clearly shaped by our formative experiences. If this is so, so the experiences a kid will hold while they are immature will impact on their life as an grownup, including on their attitudes, beliefs and values. A different sentiment to why maltreaters abuse is the psychological theoretical account. Psychological theories focus on the natural and psychological qualities of those who abuse. It is abnormalcies within the single maltreater that are responsible for maltreatment, for illustration, opprobrious parents may themselves hold been abused in childhood ( Corby, 2000 ) . Although the defect is that psychologists have failed to set up a consistent personality profile for a kid maltreater when compared to another signifier of maltreater. Feminists believe that the Feminist theoretical account may be the reply to the actions of an maltreater. The feminist theoretical account suggests that kid abuse like domestic force is a consequence of unequal power in the household. Cossins ( 2000 ) believes that maltreatment is done by adult male to adult females and is about male maleness and power. But this does non take into history female maltreaters. Professor Lynne Segal suggests that the thoughts of maleness accents control and power. This assumes that all work forces have power and adult females and kids do non hold power ( Bell, 1993 ) . This theory besides needs to include non merely gender and power issues but to see race, category and civilization every bit good ( Reavey and Warner, 2003 ) . The Cycle of force is another theoretical account, it is based on the position that kids who live with domestic force will larn that maltreatment is acceptable and will go either an maltreater or a victim. While sing or witnessing domestic force can hold a serious impact on kids and immature people, they will react in assorted ways depending on their age, race, sex, civilization, phase of development, and single personality. By no agencies do all kids who have lived with domestic force grow up to go either victims or maltreaters. Many kids exposed to domestic force realise that it is incorrect, and actively reject force of all sorts. There is non much grounds to back up this theoretical account. Although all these theoretical accounts give some penetration into why an maltreater would mistreat there is no 1 type of maltreater, so there can be no one theoretical account. What we would see a kid maltreater in this state is non the same criterions as other states. Not one of these theoretical accounts can entirely explicate the actions of a kid maltreater. Finkelhor ( 1986 ) understood that and was a critic of individual factor theoretical accounts. He believed that adult females were merely every bit capable to mistreat as work forces are. LOC4- Describe the classs of maltreatment and the possible effects on the kid, household and workers. What composes maltreatment has been unfastened to broad argument, because some research workers will province that what one group in society deems to be abuse, another will claim is a normal portion of kid rise uping pattern. For illustration, the thwacking argument. Is it acceptable to thwack a kid? There is a legal credence that where a slap does nt go forth a permanent grade it is non abuse, but if it is continuously done and escalates so this would be classed as maltreatment. The point at which any pattern becomes abusive is the point at which it becomes ill-treatment, likely to impair wellness or physical, emotional, societal or behavioral development ( DfES, 2006 ) . The classs of kid maltreatment are physical, emotional, sexual maltreatment and disregard. Most frequently if a kid is enduring from one of the classs like physical or sexual abuse they are likely to be enduring from emotional maltreatment as good, as the classs link into one another. As Early Old ages practitioners we need to maintain an oculus out for any marks of physical maltreatment, which are normally seeable to the oculus, on the organic structure of the victim such as unexplained hurts, contusions or Burnss. Other marks of physical maltreatment are if the victim refuses to discourse hurts, gives unlikely accounts for hurts, has untreated hurts or lingering hurts which are non treated. If the parents administrating of penalty appears inordinate, if the kid psychiatrists from physical contact, or they have a fright of returning place or of the parents being contacted, or a fright of undressing, or a fright of medical aid these could besides be a mark of physical maltreatment. Physical maltreatment can take to the kid going aggressive towards other kids and intimidation. An abused kid may expose over compliant behavior or a watchful attitude , have important alterations in behavior without account, their work may deteriorate and they may hold unexplained for ms of absences which might function to conceal contusions or other physical hurts. In some instances the kid may even seek to run off. Another signifier of maltreatment is emotional maltreatment ; this is one of the harder abuses to recognize as there are frequently no seeable marks. Emotional maltreatment is about messages, verbal or non-verbal, given by a attention giver to a kid. Almost all kids are subjected to emotional maltreatment to some grade. Even the most lovingness of parents will at some clip give kids rather negative messages, this is why it is difficult to observe emotional maltreatment. Examples of emotional maltreatment are intentionally mortifying a kid, doing a kid feel ashamed for non being able to make or understand something which she is, in fact, developmentally incapable of. Other marks of maltreatment are anticipating a kid to set the demands of other household members before their ain. Persistently verbally mistreating a kid or invariably endangering to go forth a kid on their ain as a penalty is opprobrious whether or non the menace is carried out. Making menaces of other cruel and inordinate penalties and/or transporting them out, stating a kid that he was non wanted, was a error, or was the incorrect gender, insulating a kid, forestalling them from socializing with their equals and continually seting a kid under unjust moral/emotional force per unit area is abuse. Some grownups may besides non gain that exposing a kid to age-inappropriate activities such as telecasting, movies and computing machine games is besides classed as emotional maltreatment. The DfES ( 2006 ) What to Make if You Are Worried a Child Is Being Abused papers defines sexual maltreatment as: Sexual maltreatment involves coercing or luring a kid or immature individual to take portion in sexual activities, including harlotry, whether or non the kid is cognizant of what is go oning. The activities may affect physical contact, including acute or non-penetrative Acts of the Apostless. They may include non-contact activities, such as affecting kids in looking at, or in the production of, sexual online images, watching sexual activities, or promoting kids to act in sexually inappropriate ways. ( DfES, 2006: 9 ) . The definition of disregard is the relentless failure to run into a kid s physical and/ psychological demands, probably to ensue in the serious damage of the kid s wellness or development ( DfES, 2006: 9 ) . Some illustrations of disregard are failure to feed a kid adequately, or non supplying appropriate apparels or bedclothes, or giving unequal basic physical attention, the kid holding no boundaries or consistence, the kid non being safe, or non go toing to medical demands and failure to run into or acknowledge a kid s emotional demands. The definition of disregard sunglassess into the definition of emotional maltreatment. While both these definitions make sense, they are slightly blurred around the borders. When we talk about severe actions it can be hard to make up ones mind whether, and at what degree, to step in. There have been surveies that show grounds that disregard, physical maltreatment and sexual maltreatment are all associated with decreased intelligence in kids ( Carrey, 1996 ) . While this survey shows an illustration of the consequence maltreatment can hold sometimes a kid can turn up with a positive attitude and have a successful life. But this is non to state that all subsisters are successful in life and evidently some people suffer awful ongoing issues related to their experience of maltreatment. Such as being able to swear anyone or in the instance of sexual maltreatment neer being able to allow anyone touch them and the harm is lasting. Maltreatment can besides impact the household by interrupting it apart and dividing the maltreater from the abused. LOC5- Evaluate ways of enabling kids to protect themselves, and ways of back uping kids who have been abused. We ca nt anticipate kids and immature babes to protect themselves. So the authorities and schools try to pass on a cosmopolitan message to kids to seek to protect them. Such as intimidation is incorrect, to be nice to one another, to eat good and look after each other and to advance a positive environment. There are four methods that are used with kids in demand and their households, each of which needs to be carried out efficaciously in order to accomplish betterments in the lives of kids in demand. They are assessment, planning, intercession and reviewing ( DfES, 2006 ) . As an Early Old ages professional you should be cognizant of the local processs to be followed for describing concerns about a peculiar kid, if you have any concerns about a kid, they must be reported to the school s designated senior member of staff or a senior member that is appointed child protection supervisor. This may be where your engagement may stop or you may necessitate to be involved farther. The practician will discourse with a director and/or other senior co-workers what they think the appropriate action should be, so if there are still concerns a referral to the Local Authority kids s societal attention squad will be made, followed up in composing within 48 hours. The societal worker and director so acknowledge reception of referral and make up ones mind on the following class of action within one working twenty-four hours. An initial appraisal is required to make up ones mind if there is any concern for the kid s immediate safety. The initial appraisal should go on in conformity with the appraisal model which is a chart that states what the demands of a kid are. If there is sensible cause to surmise the kid is enduring, or is likely to endure important injury, kids s societal attention should set up a scheme treatment. The intent of the scheme treatment is to hold whether to originate subdivision 47 of the Children Act 1989. It is besides to place the appropriate undertakings and timescales for each involved professional and bureau, and hold what farther aid or support may be necessary. If the kid is likely to be harmed so the constabulary and other relevant bureaus are called. Next there would be a kid protection conference and the consequences from that would find whether a nucleus appraisal is made which is where the household and other professionals agree a program for guaranting the kid s future safety and public assistance. If the consequences are that the kid is in sufficient injury so the kid becomes the topic of a kid protection program, which is where the troubles of the kid will be made known to spouse bureaus. This will be followed by giving the kid a cardinal worker and a kid protection reappraisal conference, the intents of the kid protection reappraisal is to reexamine the safety of the kid. Normally, the determination to maintain a kid s name on the protection registry is reviewed every six months, depending on the fortunes. A kid protection reappraisal conference can make up ones mind that a kid s name should be removed from the registry. This determination will merely be made when the kid protection reappraisal conference is satisfied that the kid is no longer at hazard of important injury. A immature individual will besides be removed from the registry one time he or she turns 18. Obviously the worst instance scenario is when a kid dies due to mistreat and nil was done to assist them. As Early Year professionals it is highly of import that state of affairss like this neer go on and that is why these processs are put into topographic point. Professionals can step in by working with kids and households to assist protect them. There are support systems in topographic point for kids and their households provided by local authorities and sometime connected to the school. Certain start is one such system. Certain start is a authorities programme which provides services for kids and their households. It works to convey together early instruction, child care, wellness and household support. Servicess provided include advice on wellness attention and kid development, drama strategies, rearing categories, household outreach support and grownup instruction and advice. If there is a instance of suspected maltreatment but there is no demand to take the kid or the parent because there is no farther hazard to the identified following the households assessment Certain start can be recommended to the household as a topographic point for household development. In this state there are 11 million kids, 4 million have been identified as vulnerable ( handicapped ) , 400,000 have been identified as children in demand , 32,000 are on the kid protection registry and 63,000 are looked after ( in foster attention ) . These statistics have gone up since the awful tragic decease of Peter Connelly ( Baby P ) in 2007. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=348 ) . We live in a extremely complex and diverse society and as professionals it is portion of our duty to guarantee we are non confounding what we think is the instance, or what we would wish, with what is truly the instance. As Early Old ages practitioners we need to near single kids and households with an unfastened head. While we believe we know what, a perfect universe is, we besides know that households come in all forms and sizes, and that all households are likely to necessitate support to assist them. To do certain that all kids get the correct and full treatment/service needed to do certain that they are safeguarded against abuse all practitioners/professionals should work together and pass on to accomplish this end.

Outsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Outsourcing - Term Paper Example e would be the hotel industry where they would include managing of the premise, catering, asset management, landscaping, and supplying the kitchen with the items required. Therefore, both of these industries have available options that an outsourced team may find relevance in as a way of promoting concerted efforts on the core activities for a business entity. Subsequently, outsourcing as a business process becomes the analyzing of the enterprise processes in a business firm to ascertain whether business process should be in house or obtained from the outside. This is because many business entities involved in either service or the manufacturing sectors of the economy have disengaged from activities that attract dismal profits for their firms. With this, many businesses involved in service delivery have opted to outsource most of their activities that range from payment collection, customer service and call answering, and billing services among a list of others. On the other hand, th e outsourcing aspect has been visible in the information technology departments within business firms as the number of IT professionals in the market has risen over time. In essence, the rapid transformation aspects that the information technology tends to experience makes it expensive for a business company to keep up. This is because of the regular trainings that the business would have to undertake to ensure that their IT department staff stays in line with the advancements. Therefore, this has resulted in many companies adopting outsourcing aspects that is relatively cheaper and essential in the continued running of a business. Certain areas within a company’s IT department have influenced companies to engage the services of professionals from the outside such computer software and... Outsourcing in business management refers to an arrangement in which an outsider company undertakes service provision that the company would have provided in house. In recent times, the outsourcing trend has become common practice in business management. The aspect of outsourcing helps in the improvement of business relations with suppliers. On the contrary, outsourcing serves as a contributor to enhanced company performance as it allows a company to focus on its competencies. The establishment of the outsourcing theory brought about significant changes to the management concept as it sought to enrich product provision and development. With these ideas in mind, this essay will delve on principles of outsourcing in management and activities that this aspect of business management oversees within a business environment. The increased cost of operations experienced by manufactures has made them adopt drastic measures that would ensure that their profit generations remain high despite th e high costs of production. Therefore, processing exports refer to the products manufactured through the process of international outsourcing by use of imported inputs. International outsourcing has generated interest for many researchers because of the relation between the choice of organizational structure and trading activities at the local and the international levels. Their subject of interest may also be on the factors that may influence a business entity to engage international outsourcing both on the theoretical and practical basis.

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Interview - Essay Example I also learned that teachers can make use of a great variety of tools in order to communicate. The methods available have naturally changed over the years with advances in technology. I learned though that despite these rapid changes the basis of teaching remains the same, and that is to clearly communicate in a way that can be understood by a diverse group of people. For students who do not have English as a first language it can be even harder. This is where extra effort is required on the part of the teacher, who should not place the same expectations on those students because of their lack of ability. I benefitted greatly from meeting with an expert because I was really able to do more than just scratch the surface and find the answer to questions that have always puzzled me. I am not sure that the teaching field will be my chosen career path, but it was still very interesting to get some quality time asking in-depth questions with an expert. The greatest benefit that I took from this interview was that teaching is not something that I should get myself into unless I am able to put my full heart and soul into it. If I just go along with the motions for a while then it wont be enough and my career would suffer as a result. Even though this might appear to be simple enough or common sense it was actually really good to hear about some real life experience and what can go wrong if the right attitude is not present. The surprising thing that I learned from this assignment is that the teaching field is far more competitive than I ever thought. I had always assumed that with a strong need for teachers there would be plenty to go around. In actual fact the teaching profession requires a lot of dedication and hard work. The pay is relatively low compared to other jobs of importance, but really the teaching field has the most potential of all because it will equip the students of today to become the leaders of tomorrow. Having a

Run on Sentence Essay Example for Free

Run on Sentence Essay Correct each run-on with either (1) a period and a capital letter or (2) a comma (if needed) and the joining word and, but, for, or so. Do not use the same method of correction for every sentence. Some of the run-ons are fused sentences (there is no punctuation between the two complete thoughts), and some are comma splices (there is only a comma between the two complete thoughts). One sentence is correct. 1. Slovakia, a country in eastern Europe, was once ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it is now an independent country. 2. The children in the next car were making faces at other drivers, when I made a face back, they giggled and sank out of sight. 3. Chuck finished reading Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn then he began to take notes for his report. 4. The branches of the tree were bare they made a dark feathery pattern against the orange-pink sunset. 5. Ernest Hemingway drove an ambulance in World War I, he based the novel A Farewell to Arms on that experience. 6. Our class wanted to do something for the earthquake victims, we sent a donation to the Red Cross. 7. My ex-husband hit me just once in our marriage, five minutes later I was packed and walking out the door. 8. Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field in New York on May 20, 1927 thirty-three-and-a-half hours later, he landed in Paris, France, completing the first nonstop transatlantic flight. 9. The average American teenager spends thirty-eight hours a week on schoolwork. the average Japanese teenager spends about sixty. 10. We stocked our backpacks with high-calorie candy bars, and we also brought bags of dried apricots and peaches. 11. Locate and correct the run-ons in the passage that follows. My worst experience of the week was going home for lunch, rather than eating at work. My children didn’t know I was coming, they had used most of the bread. All I had to make a sandwich with were two thin, crumpled pieces of crust. I sat there eating my tattered sandwich and trying to relax, then the telephone rang. It was for my daughter, who was in the bathroom, she was crying over her break-up. When I finally got her to calm down, my twin boys started fighting over their Legos. I was so upset I told them to calm down or I would take their toys away for a month. I’ve learned my lesson, I’ll be eating lunch at work from now on.

Airbags :: Car accidents

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crash! Your car just smashed into the car right in front of you at a speed of 35 mph. The whole front of your car is smashed but luckily your head isn’t, thanks to the airbag deploying. This scenario happened over 2.9 million times through August, 1998. Airbags significantly reduce the risk of being killed in a crash. The risk of being killed, if you have your seatbelt on, is reduced by 26% and 32% if you don’t have a belt on and the airbag goes off. Airbags also reduce the risk of serious head injuries by 75% if used with a shoulder and lap belt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes, airbags save lives, but they have also been known to seriously hurt or kill people, especially children. Since 1990, about 113 deaths have been caused by airbags inflating in not serious accidents. 51 of these deaths were children, most of whom were not using a seat belt. Small children and airbags don’t mix. Children shouldn’t be in the front seat because the force of the airbag is usually too much for them. Never put a rear facing child seat in the front seat of the car. If the airbag goes off, the seat will be pushed forward and the child may get squeezed between the back of the seat and the airbag. Children are less likely to be killed in a crash if they are in the back seat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If someone must put a child in the front seat, they may want to have an on/off switch for the airbag installed on the passenger side. On/off switches are used to prevent the airbag from going off in an accident, but they aren’t recommended for most people. You only need an airbag switch on the driver’s side if your legs are too short to reach the pedals and have your torso 10 inches away from the steering wheel. Passenger side switches should only be used if you always have to have a small child or infant sit in the front seat because they have a medical problem and need to be watched constantly. Airbag switches can be used incorrectly. You can forget to turn the airbag back on and jeopardize the safety of yourself (the driver) or the passenger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people won’t need an on/off switch because there is a proper and improper way to sit when you are driving. You should always sit 10 or more inches away from the steering wheel.

Gun Control Essay

â€Å"Should Private Gun Ownership Be Banned?† Widespread gun ownership in a community could provide a general deterrent to criminal predation, lowering the risk to owners and non-owners alike. But widespread gun ownership could also lead to increased risks of various sorts, including the possibility that guns will be misused by the owners or transferred to dangerous people through theft or unregulated sale. Whether the social costs of gun ownership are positive or negative is arguably the most fundamental question for the regulation of firearms in the United States. Gun control laws and policy vary greatly around the world. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, have very strict limits on gun possession while others, such as the United States, have relatively modest limits. In some countries, the topic remains a source of intense debate with proponents generally arguing the dangers of widespread gun ownership, and opponents generally arguing individual rights of self-protection as well as individual liberties in general. So me in the United States view gun ownership as a civil right (Snyder i-ii), where the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of citizens to keep and bear arms. One of the earliest U.S. gun-control legislation at the state level were the black codes (laws that replaced the pre Civil War era slave codes which, among other things, prohibited black ownership of firearms) in an attempt to prevent blacks’ having access to the full rights of citizens, including rights guaranteed under the Second Amendment (Halbrook 108). Laws of this type later used racially neutral language to survive legal challenge, but were expected to be enforced against blacks rather than whites. Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012, where 20 young children were killed, Wayne LaPierre, vice-president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) proposed, at an NRA press conference, that the solution to such tragedies is to place armed officers in schools, saying: â€Å"The only way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun† (Washington post). LaPierre blamed the media, politicians in favor of gun-free zones, U.S. mental health services, and violent movies and video games for the shooting. He introduced an NRA-backed proposal to put armed guards in all schools in the U.S., which he called the National Model School Shield Program. In January 2013, the Newtown school board voted unanimously to ask for police officer presence in all of its elementary schools. A 2004 review by the National Research Council concluded that, â€Å"higher rates of household firearms ownership are associated with higher rates of gun suicide, that illegal diversions from legitimate commerce are important sources of crime guns and guns used in suicide, that firearms are used defensively many times per day, and that some types of targeted police interventions may effectively lower gun crime and violence† (Welford). Another review conducted in 2011 by the Firearm Injury Center at Penn determined that, â€Å"the correlation be tween firearm availability and rates of homicide is consistent across high income industrialized nations: in general, where there are more firearms, there are higher rates of homicide overall†. A 2004 review of the literature conducted by researchers at the Harvard Injury Control Research Center similarly found that, â€Å"a broad array of evidence indicates that gun availability is a risk factor for homicide, both in the United States and across high-income countries† (Homicide – Firearms Research). Reviews by the HICRC also assessed variation in gun ownership and violence in the United States and found that the same pattern held: states with higher gun ownership had higher rates of homicide, both gun-related and overall. A review published in 2011 found that the health risks of a gun in the home are greater than the benefits, based on evidence that the presence of guns increases the risk of completed suicides and evidence that guns increase the intimidation and murder rate of women (Hemenway 502). The researchers found no credible evidence that guns in the home reduce the severity of injury in a break-in or confrontation or act as a deterrent of assault. A p revious study (2003) had similarly found that the presence of a gun in the home significantly increased the risk of suicide and adult homicide (Wiebe 12). A number of studies have examined the correlation between rates of gun ownership and gun-related, as well as overall, homicide and suicide rates internationally. Martin Killias, in a 1993 study covering 21 countries, found that there were significant  correlations between gun ownership and gun-related suicide and homicide rates. Gun control has a serious public health, political and economic concerns that need to be addressed respectively. HEALTH/SAFETY Every year, more than two thousand people die in the United States from gun-related injuries. The population groups most affected by these avoidable deaths are children and young adolescents. The misuse of firearms is a problem worldwide, of course. However, the incidence of firearm use does vary from country to country. According to the United Nations Report on Firearm Regulation, Crime Prevention, and Criminal Justice (1997), the United States has â€Å"weaker firearm regulations and higher numbers of deaths involving firearms than all other industrialized and even most developing nations.† The study also noted that the total firearm death rate in the United States in 1995 was 13.7 per 100,000 people, â€Å"three times the average rate among other responding countries and the third highest, after Brazil and Jamaica†. More than half the homes in the United States possess firearms, so it is hardly surprising that they rank among the â€Å"ten leading causes of death ac counting for more than 30,000 deaths annually† (Wintermute 3107). While most people have guns primarily for sporting activities, many owners also have them for personal protection and security purposes. The public health approach to violence prevention attempts not only to reduce the occurrence of violence, but also to limit the numbers of fatal and nonfatal injuries when such events occur. To prevent gun-related violence, indeed any type of violence, it is important to understand the dynamics of violence as well as the role of different kinds of weapons in both fatal and nonfatal injuries. Research from around the world indicates that socio-structural factor such as high unemployment rates, ethnic and religious hostilities, political instability, financial inequalities, lack of resources, and economic deprivation increase the likelihood of violence. When guns are readily available in such settings, or where legislation to curb their illegitimate use is lax or inappropriate, injuries are more likely to occur, intentional or otherwise. Individual factors can also precipitate violence, including the use of firearms. Substance and alcohol abuse, mental disorders, feelings of personal i nadequacy and social isolation, and an individual’s experience with violence in the home are  among some of the factors that have been associated with violence. The more guns there are in circulation, the greater the likelihood that they will be misused. Hence, from a public health perspective, it is important to devise strategies which aim to ensure that those in possession of arms use them for legitimate purposes and not for violent or criminal acts. There are a variety of ways of dealing with the problems caused by guns in society, and legislation is one of the methods most commonly used. Franklin Zimring has noted that laws that regulate gun use fall into three categories: those that limit the place and the manner of firearm use, those that keep guns out of the hands of high-risk users, and those that ban high risk firearms. Place and manner legislation sets out to do as it suggests, to limit certain uses of firearms in certain locations. Examples include banning the use of firearms in public places and prohibiting the carrying of a firearm (except for those carried by security personnel and police). This legislation is difficult to impl ement, however, without the active support of the police force, and that support requires additional funding to make sure that police monitor potentially violent events. Successful place and manner legislation has been implemented in the country of Columbia, where firearms are involved in 80 percent of homicides. Here, an innovative gun control intervention was implemented by the Program for Development, Security, and Peace (DESEPAZ), in collaboration with the Mayor of Cali, Colombia’s third largest city. A police-enforced ban was introduced in Cali that prohibited carrying firearms on weekends, public paydays, public holidays, and election days because â€Å"such periods were historically associated with higher rates of homicide† (Villaveces 1206). Media-led information campaigns informed the public of the new gun control measure. On the days when the ban was in operation, police set up strategically located checkpoints in areas of the city where criminal activities were commonplace, and they conducted random searches of individuals. â€Å"During the ban, police policy directed that if a legally acquired firearm was found on an individual, the weapon was to be temporarily taken from the individual and the individual fined. Individuals without proof of legally acquiring the firearm were to be arrested and the firearm permanently confiscated† (Villaveces1206). Denying high-risk users access to firearms is the second type of legislative tool to control gun misuse. In order for this approach to work, the law has to define clearly who falls into the category of â€Å"high-risk user.† The term is usually applied to convicted criminals, those deemed â€Å"mentally unfit,† and to drug addicts. It also applies to minors. Such legislation attempts to make it difficult for members of these groups to possess a firearm. Every year, in developed and developing countries across the globe, thousands of children and young adolescents die while playing with loaded guns. Additionally, studies have shown that adolescents are vulnerable in terms of firearm misuse and successful suicide attempts. In the United States between 1965 and 1985 â€Å"the rate of suicide involving firearms increased 36 percent, whereas the rate of suicide involving other methods remained constant. â€Å"Among adolescents and young adults, rates of suicide by firearms doubled during the same period† (Kellermann 467). Restricting minors the access to have weapons can help to reduce these events. Many states now attempt to prevent high-risk groups from obtaining firearms by identifying â€Å"ineligible† individuals before they can acquire a gun. Minors would obviously fall into this category. â€Å"The screening system included in U.S. legislation known as the Brady Bill which permits police to determine whether a pros pective gun purchaser has a criminal record. If the check turns up nothing the purchaser can obtain the gun† (Zimring 53). The third legislative strategy used to combat the misuse of firearms is to introduce legislation regulating the use of very dangerous weapons. Such â€Å"laws limit the supply of high risk weapons† and â€Å"can complement the strategy of decreasing high risk uses and users† (Zimring 53). Such supply reduction laws â€Å"strive to make the most dangerous guns so scarce that potential criminals cannot obtain them easily† (Zimring 52). They also set out rigid requirements that must be met to prove that possession of such a weapon is necessary. Sawed-off shotguns, machine guns, and certain military devices are the kinds of weapons covered by this type of legislation. Research into this area in the United States has shown that states in which such strict laws operate have lower levels of violent crime than states that do not. Another means of legislating for firearm misuse is to introduce stiff penalties for criminals caught using firearms. â€Å"More than half of t he states in the USA have passed such laws. This approach is popular with gun owners because the penalties concern only gun related crime and place no restrictions on firearm ownership† (Zimring 52). ECONOMICS After the school massacre in Newtown, everyone has been putting out proposals for how to reduce gun violence. President Obama created an inter-agency task force. The NRA asked for armed guards in every school and now economists are weighing in with their own, number-heavy approaches (Washington post). In the United States, there are an average of 32,300 deaths (the majority of which are suicide) and approximately 69,000 injuries annually most common in poor urban areas and frequently associated with gang violence, often involving male juveniles or young adult males, with an estimated annual cost of $100 billion(Bjerregaard and Alan 37). American society remains deeply divided over whether more restrictive gun control policies would save lives and prevent injuries. Scholars agree the rate of gun violence in the United States is higher than many developed OECD countries that practice strict gun control. The United States’ low life expectancy (relative to other wealthy countries) may be attributable to guns, with a reduction in average American lifespan of 104 days (Lemaire, 359). Disagreement exists among academics on the question of whether a causal relationship between gun availability and violence exists, and which, if any, gun controls would effectively lower gun related violence. Cook and Ludwig created a data set that used the number of suicides by firearm in a county as a proxy for gun ownership and checked it against a variety of existing survey data. They figured out the â€Å"social cost† of owning a gun. The two economists determined that a greater prevalence of guns in an area was associated with an increase in the murder rate, but not other types of violent crimes (guns, the authors argue, lead to â€Å"an intensification of criminal violence†). Why does this happen? One possibility: The two economists found evidence that if there are more legal guns in an area, it’s more likely that those guns will be transferred to â€Å"illegal† owners. When the two economists added up the costs of gun ownership, more injuries and m ore homicides and weighed them against various benefits, they concluded that the average household acquiring a gun imposed a net cost on the rest of society of somewhere between $100 to $1,800 per year (379-382). Now, normally when economists come across a product that has a negative externality like cigarettes or coal-fired plants, they recommend taxing or regulating it, so that the user of the product internalizes the costs that he or she is imposing on everyone else. In this case, an economist might suggest slapping a steeper tax on guns or bullets. Others  might object that this isn’t fair. There are responsible gun owners and irresponsible gun owners. Not everyone with a gun imposes the same costs on society. Why should the tax be uniform? And that brings us to John Wasik’s recent essay at Forbes. Instead of a tax on guns, he recommends that gun owners be required to purchase liability insurance (Washington post). Different gun owners would pay different rates, depending on the risks involved. Who pays the least for gun insurance would be least likely to commit a crime with it. Economist John Lott, in his book More Guns, Less Crime, provides data showing that laws allowing law-abiding citizens to carry a gun legally in public may cause reductions in crime because potential criminals do not know who may be carrying a firearm. The data for Lott’s analysis came from the FBI’s crime statistics for all 3,054 US counties (Lott 50). University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt argues in his paper, Under standing Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not, that available data indicate that neither stricter gun control laws nor more liberal concealed carry laws have had any significant effect on the decline in crime in the 1990s. A comprehensive review of published studies of gun control, released in November 2004 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was unable to determine any statistically significant effect resulting from such laws, although the authors suggest that further study may provide more conclusive information. Fully automatic firearms are legal in most states, but have requirements for registration and restriction under federal law. The National Firearms Act of 1934 required approval of the local police chief, federally registered fingerprints, federal background check and the payment of a $200 tax for initial registration and for each transfer. The Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibited imports of all nonsporting firearms and created several new categories of restricted firearms. A provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 prohibited further registry of machine guns manufactured after it took effect. The result has been a massive rise in the price of machine-guns available for private ownership, as an increased demand chases the fixed, pre-1986 supply. For example, the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine-gun, which may be sold to law enforcement for about $1,000, costs a private citizen about $5,000 (Stewart). POLITICS Gun politics addresses safety issues and ideologies related to firearms through criminal and noncriminal use. Gun politics deals with rules, regulations, and restrictions on the use, ownership, as well as distribution of firearms. Gun control laws and policy vary greatly around the world. Some countries, such as Australia, the United Kingdom or Germany, have very strict limits on gun possession while others, such as the United States, have relatively lenient limits. Most nations hold the power to protect them, others, and police their own territory as a fundamental power vested by sovereignty. However, this power can be lost under certain circumstances: some countries have been forced to disarm by other countries, upon losing a war, or by having arms embargos or sanctions placed on them. Likewise, nations that violate international arms control agreements, even if claiming to be acting within the scope of their national sovereignty, may find themselves with a range of penalties or sa nctions regarding firearms placed on them by other nations. National and regional police and security services enforce their own gun regulations. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) supports the United States’ International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) program â€Å"to aggressively enforce this mission and reduce the number of weapons that are illegally trafficked worldwide from the United States and used to commit acts of international terrorism, to subvert restrictions imposed by other nations on their residents, and to organized crime and narcotics-related activities. The issue of firearms has, at times, taken a high-profile position in United States culture and politics. Mass shootings (like the Columbine High School massacre, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and Virginia Tech massacre) have continually ignited political debates about gun control in the United States. According to a 2012 CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll, 10% of Americans support banning all guns except for police and authorized personnel, 76% support gun ownership with some restrictions, and 10% support gun ownership with no restrictions. Michael Bouchard, Assistant Director/Field Operations of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, estimates, there are 5,000 gun shows annually in the United States. In 1959, the Gallup poll showed that 59% of Americans supported banning handgun possession. In 2011, the Gallup poll showed that 26% supported banning handgun possession. In 1990, the Gallup poll showed that  78% of Americans supported stricter laws on gu n sales than existed at the time, 17% felt the laws were fine as they were, and 2% supported less strict laws. In 2011, the Gallup poll showed that 43% supported stricter laws on gun sales, 44% felt the laws were fine as they were, and 11% supported less strict laws. In 2001, the Gallup poll showed that 51% of Americans preferred that current gun laws be enforced more strictly. In 2011, it was 60% (Gallup politics). A 2009 CNN/ORC poll found 39% favored stricter gun laws, 15% favored less strict gun laws, and 46% preferred no change. CNN reported that the drop in support (since the 2001 Gallup poll) came from self-identified independents and Republicans, with support among Democrats remaining consistent. There is a sharp divide between gun-rights proponents and gun-control proponents. This leads to intense political debate over the effectiveness of firearm regulation. Democrats are more likely to support stricter gun control than are Republicans. In an online 2010 Harris Poll, of Democrats, 70% favored stricter gun control, 7% favored less strict gun control, and 14% preferred neither. Of Republicans, 22% favored stricter control, 42% favored less strict control, and 27% preferred neither (Krane 1-2). In the same 2011 Gallup poll, 55% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents had a gun in their household compared to 40% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents. Of Republicans an d Republican-leaners, 41% personally owned a gun. Of Democrats and Democratic-leaners, 28% personally owned a gun (Gallup politics). Incidents of gun violence and self-defense have routinely ignited bitter debate. 12,632 murders were committed using firearms and 613 persons were killed unintentionally in 2007 (CDC 89). Surveys have suggested that guns are used in crime deterrence or prevention around 2.5 million times a year in the United States (LaPierre 23). In 2004, the NAACP filed suit against 45 gun manufacturers for creating what it called a â€Å"public nuisance† through the â€Å"negligent marketing† of handguns, which included models commonly described as Saturday night specials. The suit alleged that handgun manufacturers and distributors were guilty of marketing guns in a way that encouraged violence in black and Hispanic neighborhoods. The NAACP lawsuit and several similar suits, some brought by municipalities seeking reimbursement for medical cost associated with  criminal shootings were dismissed in 2003. Gun-rights groups, most notably the National Rifle Association, portrayed it as â€Å"nuisance suits,† aimed at driving gun manufacturers (especially smaller firms) out of business through court costs alone, as damage awards were not expected. These suits prompted the passage of the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA) in October 2005. On January 22, 2013, Congressman Adam Schiff introduce d a bill in U.S. House of Representatives to counter the PLCAA, the The Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act. CONCLUSION Since the days of the pioneers, guns have been around as part of the tradition in countries such as the United States of America (USA), Switzerland and Canada. In recent years, issues concerning the ownership and possession of private guns have become a hotly debated topic in these societies because of the rapid growth of gun crimes. However, guns are still valuable for self-defence. Allowance of private gun ownership can decrease crime rates and a gun abolition policy will produce unwanted outcomes to society. One of the arguments against banning private gun ownership is that allowing private use of guns is effective for self-protection. If a person carries a weapon, it can be used as self-defence against criminals. It is believed that citizens who are unarmed have higher chances to be targeted and assaulted by criminals as most lawbreakers would want to reduce their risks when committing crimes. The supporters of total gun confiscation argue that police who are allowed to carry fir earms will be able to stop the crimes. Americans are finally beginning to have a serious discussion about guns. One argument we’re hearing is the central pillar of the case for private gun ownership: that we are all safer when more individuals have guns because armed citizens deter crime and can defend themselves and others against it when deterrence fails. Those who don’t have guns, it’s said, are free riders on those who do, as the criminally disposed are less likely to engage in crime the more likely it is that their victim will be armed. When most citizens are armed, as they were in the Wild West, crime doesn’t cease. The criminals get better. There’s some sense to this argument, for even criminals don’t like being shot. But the logic is faulty, and a close look at it leads to the conclusion that the United States should ban private gun  ownership entirely, or almost entirely. One would think that if widespread gun ownership had the robust deterrent effects that gun advocates claim it has, our country would be free of crime than other developed societies. But it’s not. When most citizens are armed, as they were in the Wild West, crime doesn’t cease. Instead, criminals work to be better armed, more efficient in their use of guns (â€Å"quicker on the draw†), and readier to use them. When this happens, those who get guns may be safer than they would be without them, but those without them become progressively more vulnerable. Gun advocates have a solution to this: the unarmed must arm themselves. But when more citizens get guns, further problems arise: people who would once have got in a fistfight instead shoot the person who provoked them; people are shot by mistake or by accident. And with guns so plentiful, any lunatic or criminally disposed person who has a sudden and perhaps only temporary urge to kill people can simply help himself to the contents of Mom’s gun cabinet. Perhaps most important, the more people there are who have guns, the less effective the police become. As more private individuals acquire guns, the power of the police declines and personal security becomes a matter of self-help. For the police to remain effective in a society in which most of those they must confront or arrest are armed, they must, like criminals, become better armed, more numerous, and readier to fire. But if they do that, guns won’t have produced a net reduction in the power of the government but will only have generated enormous private and public expenditures, leaving the balance of power between armed citizens and the state as it was before, the unarmed conspicuously worse off, and everyone poorer except the gun industry. The logic is as more private individuals acquire guns, the power of the police declines, personal security becomes more a matter of self-help, and the unarmed have an increasing incentive to get guns, until everyone is armed. The logic of private gun possession is thus similar to that of the nuclear arms race. When only one state gets nuclear weapons, it enhances its own security but reduces that of others, which have become more vulnerable. The other states the n have an incentive to get nuclear weapons to try to restore their security. As more states get them, the incentives for others increase. If eventually all get them, the potential for catastrophe whether through irrationality, misperception, or accident is great. Each state’s security is then much lower than it would  be if none had nuclear weapons. But, as with nuclear weapons, we would all be safer if no one had guns or, rather, no one other than trained and legally constrained police officers. Gun advocates sometimes argue that a prohibition would violate individuals’ rights of self-defense. Imposing a ban on guns, they argue, would be tantamount to taking a person’s gun from her just as someone is about to kill her. But this is a defective analogy. Although a prohibition would deprive people of one effective means of self-defense, it would also ensure that there would be far fewer occasions on which a gun would be necessary or even useful for self-defense. Guns are only one means of self-defense and self-defense is only one means of achieving security against attack. It is the right to security against attack that is fundamental. In other Western countries, per capita homicide rates, as well as rates of violent crime involving guns, are a fraction of what they are in the United States (New York Times). Gun advocates claim it has nothing to do with our permissive gun laws or our customs and practices involving guns. If they are right, should we conclude that Americans are simply inherently more violent, more disposed to mental derangement, and less moral than people in other Western countries? If you resist that conclusion, you have little choice but to accept that our easy access to all manner of firearms is a large part of the explanation of why we kill each at a much higher rate than our counterparts elsewhere. REFERENCES Mcmahan J. The Stone: Why Gun ‘Control’ Is Not Enough. The New York Times December 19, 2012, 1:03 pm. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/19/why-gun-control-is-not-enough/. 5th April 2013. Kellermann A. L., Rivara F. P., Somes G., Reay D. T. â€Å"Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership.† New England Journal of Medicine 327.7 (1992): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1308093. 10th April, 2013. Villaveces A., Cummings P., Espitia V. E., Koepsell T. D. â€Å"Effect of a Ban on Carrying Firearms on Homicide Rates in 2 Colombian Cities.† Journal of the American Medical Association 283.9 (2000):1205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10703790. 10th April, 2013. Wintermute, G. J., Teret S. P., Kraus J. F., Wright M. A., and Bradfield, G. (1987). â€Å"When Children Shoot Children.† Journal of American Medical Association 257.22 (1987): 208-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1025799/. 7th April, 2013. Zimring, F. E. â€Å"Firearms, Violence and Public Policy.† Scientific American (November 1991). Brad Plumer. â€Å"The economics of gun control†. The Washington Post December 28, 2012 at 3:42 pm. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/12/28/the-economics-of-gun-control/. 7th April, 2013. Snyder J. â€Å"Nation of Cowards: Essays on the Ethics of Gun Control†. Saint Louis: Accurate Press, 2001. i-ii. Print. Halbrook S.P. That Every Man be Armed: The evolution of a Constitutional Right. 2nd ed., The Independent Institute, Oakland, 1994. 108. Print. Welford, C.F. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004. Print. Hemenway, David (2011). â€Å"Risks and Benefits of a Gun in the Home†. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 5.6(2011): 502–511. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/753058_2. 10th April, 2013. Wiebe, Douglas (2003). â€Å"Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: A national case-control study†. Ann Emerg Med 41.6(2003): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764330. 10th April, 2013. Martin Killias. â€Å"Gun Ownership, Suicide and Homicide: An International Perspective† 1993. http://www.unicri.eu/documentation_centre/publications/series/understanding/19_GUN_OWNERSHIP.pdf . 10th April, 2013. Bjerregaard, B. and Alan J. L. (1995). â€Å"Gun Ownership and Gang Membership†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86.1(1995): 37–58. http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/BjerregaardAndLizotte.htm. 10th April, 2013. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. â€Å"Nonfatal Injury Reports â €Å". Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, December 7th 2012(WISQARS). CDC. www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. 10th April, 2013. Cook J. P. and Ludwig J. The social costs of gun ownership. Journal of Public Economics 90 (2006): 379–391. www.elsevier.com/locate/econbase. Lott, John R.Jr., â€Å"More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws†. Chicago Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1998. 50-122.

Rhetorical Devices Essay

Rhetorical Devices Essay In Florence Kelley’s speech about child labor she emphasizes the need to obliterate these harsh working conditions for children. She uses pathos, rhetorical questions, and repetition to move the audience to act against child labor. With using these techniques throughout her speech she develops a well appealing argument for the audience to connect with. Florence Kelly incorporates pathos into her speech to enhance her argument. She wants the audience to feel for these children when she says, â€Å"while we sleep little white girls will be working tonight† (Kelly). The feeling she creates of guilt makes the audience draw in, feeling like they should help. As she uses ‘we’ she includes herself and creates the awareness that as we go through our daily life there are children who are working in the late hours of the night, who are supposed to be getting more sleep than her herself. This feeling of unsettledness that people do not realize to those children, sleep is a privilege and it is taken for granted every day. In addition to, Kelly ends her speech using pathos to give one last plead for people to help, â€Å"For the sake of the children, for the Republic in which these children will vote after we are dead† (Kelly). She makes the audience feel like they have extreme importance for the children then and in the future, that they have to act now before it’s too late, as she uses the word ‘dead’. Kelly uses rhetorical questions to engage the audience in her argument towards abolishing child labor. In her question she points out the importance of women with the child labor laws as she states, â€Å"Would the New Jersey Legislature have passed that shameful repeal bill enabling girls of fourteen years to work all night, if the mothers in New Jersey were enfranchised.† (Kelly). She points out how much of a difference it makes that these mothers do not have a say in this. With their say it would make a crucial impact on these laws, to get their own daughters out of these unethical working hours. Kelly adds this rhetorical device for her argument because it strengthens it by telling the audience that these mothers do not have a say to change these laws but they do have this chance and opportunity to make a difference. Furthermore, in Kelly’s concluding paragraph she  imbeds another rhetorical device making the audience rethink everything and the guilt feeling when she says, â€Å"What can we do to free our consciences† (Kelly). We see again her not saying ‘you’ but referring to ‘we’ making the audience feel connected with her that she is with them in making this difference. Making the audience feel united intensifies her argument by creating an emotional appeal and that is creates throughout the rhetorical questions. Repetition is very important in this speech; it helps create many different appeals to audience. Kelly repeats the phrase ‘while we sleep’, â€Å"while we sleep little white girls†¦And they will do so tonight, while we sleep† (Kelly) this repetition makes the audience think twice about what else is going on out there that we do not know about while we live our daily life’s. She also tries to get the point across with this repetition that as we do nothing we could be helping a greater cause. Another repetition word that she uses is the word ‘we’, â€Å"We do not wish this. We prefer to have out work done by men and women. But we are almost powerless† (Kelly) This repetition creates a stronger argument by unifying the audience and connecting herself with them. The unification is a symbol to the audience that she is working on this problem too and they won’t be alone in creating a solution but she needs their help so they can cr eate that ‘we’ in this complication of child labor. The rhetoric devices pathos, rhetorical questions, and repetition enhance the meaning in Kelly’s argument to make the audience want to pay attention to this horrific problem. She needs these people’s help and willingness to execute these children at work and creates a developed argument to do so. Pleading for help is what she knew she had to do and she did that with great emotion getting the audiences awareness on this problem.

A Responsibility of a Citizen essays

A Responsibility of a Citizen essays Voting is defined as a formal indication of a choice between two or more candidates or courses of action. Voting is an important tool in choosing our leaders and how they run our country, especially with the upcoming presidential election. The citizens hold the future of Americas economy in their hands, and it is their responsibility to choose the right leader to guide them to have a better country. A citizen should vote for his own good and for the good of all. However, not all citizens of America vote. Why should one vote? One should vote because it is a responsibility and the future and good of all depends on it. Voting gives us the power to lead our country to a better future, because through this process we choose our leader; the right leader to lead us to what is good. Our economys future fully depends on our leader, our guide; the rise and fall of our country is based on his decisions. The president controls the government, which consists of us. Sometimes we are not content with how the government runs our country, this is because of the bad leadership of the president. During the last election of 2000, many citizens, especially aged 18-25, did not vote because of lack of knowledge. As an educated person, that is absurd. We live in a modern world and there are so many ways to gather knowledge about the candidates especially through the media. The citizen may be uneducated but he is wise enough to seek knowledge for it is in our nature that we have knowledge within us even before we are born. It is through voting that we can achieve the best, we should never settle for the less. The war against Iraq was not the only way for America to obtain peace, Bush did it his way. Weapons are the tools of violence; all decent men detest them as Lao-Tzu said in the Tao-te Ching. They could have compromised before attacking. Our Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld proclaimed to the world that nothing&...

The Terror - History of the French Revolution

The Terror - History of the French Revolution In July 1793, the revolution was at its lowest ebb. Enemy forces were advancing over French soil, British ships hovered near French ports hoping to link up with rebels, the Vendà ©e had become a region of open rebellion, and Federalist revolts were frequent. Parisians were worried that Charlotte Corday, the assassin of Marat, was only one of the thousands of provincial rebels operating in the capital ready to strike down the leaders of the revolution in droves. Meanwhile, power struggles between sansculottes and their enemies had begun to erupt in many sections of Paris. The whole country was unfolding into a civil war.   It got worse before it got better. While many of the Federalist revolts were collapsing under both local pressures- food shortages, fear of reprisals, reluctant to march far- and the actions of Convention Deputies sent on mission, on August 27th, 1793 Toulon accepted an offer of protection from a British fleet which had been sailing offshore, declaring themselves in favor of the infant Louis VII and welcoming the British to port. The Terror Begins While the Committee of Public Safety wasnt an executive government- on August 1st, 1793, the Convention refused a motion calling for it to become the provisional government; it was the closest France had to anyone being in overall charge, and it moved to meet the challenge with utter ruthlessness. Over the next year, the committee  marshaled the nations resources to tackle its many crises. It also presided over the bloodiest period of the revolution: The Terror. Marat may have been killed, but many French citizens were still forwarding his ideas, chiefly that only the extreme use of the guillotine against traitors, suspects, and counter-revolutionaries would solve the countrys problems. They felt terror was necessary- not figurative terror, not a posture, but actual government rule through terror.   The Convention deputies increasingly heeded these calls. There were complaints about a spirit of moderation in the Convention and another series of price increases were quickly blamed on endormers, or dozer (as in sleeping) deputies. On September 4th, 1793, a demonstration for more wages and bread was quickly turned to the advantage of those calling for terror, and they returned on the 5th to march to the Convention. Chaumette, backed by thousands of sans-culottes, declared that the Convention should tackle the shortages by strict implementation of the laws. The Convention agreed, and in addition voted to finally organize the revolutionary armies people had agitated for over previous months to march against the hoarders and unpatriotic members of the countryside, although they turned down Chaumette’s request for the armies to be accompanied by guillotines on wheels for even swifter justice. In addition, Danton argued that arms production should be increased until every patriot had a musket and that the Revolutionary Tribunal should be divided to increase efficiency. The sansculottes had once again forced their wishes onto and through the Convention; terror was now in force. Execution On September 17th, a Law of Suspects was introduced allowing for the arrest of anyone whose conduct suggested they were supporters of tyranny or federalism, a law which could be easily twisted to affect just about everyone in the nation. Terror could be applied to everyone, easily. There were also laws against nobles who had been anything less than zealous in their support for the revolution. A maximum was set for a wide range of food and goods and the Revolutionary Armies formed and set out to search for traitors and crush the revolt. Even speech was affected, with citizen becoming the popular way of referring to others; not using the term was a cause for suspicion. Its usually forgotten that the laws passed during the Terror went beyond simply tackling the various crises. The Bocquier Law of December 19th, 1793 provided a system of compulsory and free state education for all children aged 6 – 13, albeit with a curriculum stressing patriotism. Homeless children also became a state responsibility, and people born out of wedlock were given full inheritance rights. A universal system of metric weights and measurements was introduced on August 1, 1793, while an attempt to end poverty was made by using ‘suspects’ property to aid the poor. However, it is the executions for which the Terror is so infamous, and these began with the execution of a faction called the Enrages, who was soon followed by the former queen, Marie Antoinette, on October 17th and many of the Girondins on October 31st. Around 16,000 people (not including deaths in the Vendà ©e, see below) went to the guillotine in the next nine months as the Terror lived up to its name, and around the same again also died as a result, usually in prison. In Lyons, which surrendered at the end of 1793, the Committee of Public Safety decided to set an example and there were so many to be guillotined that on December 4th-8th, 1793 people were executed en masse by cannon fire. Whole areas of the town were destroyed and 1880 killed. In Toulon, which was recaptured on December 17th thanks to one Captain Bonaparte and his artillery, 800 were shot and nearly 300 guillotined. Marseilles and Bordeaux, which also capitulated, escaped relatively lightly with only hundreds executed. The Repression of the Vendà ©e The Committee of Public Safetys counter-offensive took the terror deep into the heart of the Vendà ©e. Government forces also began winning battles, forcing a retreat which killed around 10,000 and the whites began to melt away. However, the final defeat of the Vendà ©es army at Savenay was not the end, because repression followed which ravaged the area, burnt swathes of land and slaughtered around a quarter of a million rebels. In Nantes, the deputy on mission, Carrier, ordered the guilty to be tied up on barges which were then sunk in the river. These were the noyades and they killed at least 1800 people. The Nature of the Terror Carriers actions were typical of autumn 1793 when deputies on mission took the initiative in spreading the Terror using revolutionary armies, which may have grown to 40,000 strong. These were normally recruited from the local area they were to operate in and were usually comprised of artisans from the cities. Their local knowledge was essential in seeking out hoarders and traitors, usually from the countryside. Around half a million people may have been imprisoned across France, and 10,000 may have died in prison without trial. Many lynchings also occurred. However, this early phase of the terror was not, as legend recalls, aimed at nobles, who made up only 9% of the victims; clergy were 7%. Most executions occurred in Federalist areas after the army had regained control and some loyal areas escaped largely unscathed. It was  normal, everyday people, killing masses of other normal, everyday people. It was a civil war, not class. Dechristianization During the Terror, deputies on mission began attacking the symbols of Catholicism: smashing images, vandalizing buildings, and burning vestments. On October 7th, in Rheims, the sacred oil of Clovis which was used to anoint French kings was smashed. When a revolutionary calendar was introduced, making a break with the Christian calendar by starting on September 22nd, 1792 (this new calendar had twelve-thirty day months with three ten-day weeks) the deputies increased their dechristianization, especially in regions where rebellion had been put down. The Paris Commune made dechristianization an official policy and attacks began in Paris on religious symbols: Saint was even removed from street names. The Committee of Public Safety grew concerned about the counter-productive effects, especially Robespierre who believed that faith was vital to order. He spoke out and even got the Convention to restate their commitment to religious freedom, but it was too late. Dechristianization flourished across the nation, churches closed and 20,000 priests were pressured into renouncing their position. The Law of 14 Frimaire On December 4th, 1793, a law was passed, taking as its name the date in the Revolutionary Calendar: 14 Frimaire. This law was designed to give the Committee of Public Safety even more control over the whole of France by providing a structured chain of authority under the revolutionary government and to keep everything highly centralized. The Committee was now the supreme executive and nobody further down the chain was supposed to alter the decrees in any way, including the deputies on a mission who became increasingly sidelined as local district and commune bodies took over the job of applying the law. All unofficial bodies were shut down, including provincial revolutionary armies. Even the departmental organization was bypassed for everything bar tax and public works. In effect, the law of 14 Frimaire aimed to institute a uniform administration with no resistance, the opposite of that to the constitution of 1791. It marked the end of the first phase of the terror, a chaotic regime, and an end to the campaigning of the revolutionary armies who first came under central control and were then closed on March 27th, 1794. Meanwhile, factional infighting in Paris saw more groups go to the guillotine and sansculotte power began to wane, partly as a result of exhaustion, partly because of the success of their measures (there was little left to agitate for) and partly as a purging of the Paris Commune took hold. The Republic of Virtue By the spring and summer of 1794, Robespierre, who had argued against dechristianization, had tried to save Marie Antoinette from the guillotine and who had vacillated over the future began to form a vision of how the republic should be run. He wanted a cleansing of the country and committee and he outlined his idea for a republic of virtue while denouncing those he deemed non-virtuous, many of whom, including Danton, went to the Guillotine. So began a new phase in the Terror, where people could be executed for what they might do, not had done, or simply because they failed to meet Robespierres new moral standard, his utopia of murder. The Republic of Virtue  concentrated power at the Centre, around Robespierre. This included closing all provincial courts for conspiracy and counter-revolutionary charges, which were to be held at the Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris instead. Parisian jails soon filled with suspects and the process was speeded up to cope, partly by scrapping witnesses and defense. Furthermore, the only punishment it could give out was death. As with the Law of Suspects, almost anyone could be found guilty for anything under these new criteria. Executions, which had tailed off, now rose sharply again. 1,515 people were executed in Paris in June and July 1794, 38% of which were nobles, 28% clergy and 50% bourgeoisie. The Terror was now almost class-based rather than against counter-revolutionaries. In addition, the Paris Commune was altered to become docile to the Committee of Public Safety and proscribed wage levels were introduced. These were unpopular, but the Paris sections were now too centralized to oppose it. Dechristianization was reversed as Robespierre, still convinced that faith was important, introduced the Cult of the Supreme Being on May 7th, 1794. This was a series of Republican themed celebrations to be held on the rest days of the new calendar, a new civic religion.

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Solectrica car as a New Product Development Essay

Solectrica car as a New Product Development - Essay Example The market industry is indicated by a well-documented five forces analysis that well states the position of the company. The marketing development is described by the marketing mix policies that define the segmentation of the car. This leads to the required launch of the car in the effective UK and EU market. Solectrica car is a new brand of cars from Pessan Motors Ltd. This is a car that develops sufficient use of energy as different governments strive to reduce the rates of pollution to the environment. Industrialized countries have increasingly polluted the environment and with time, there is bound to be less sustainability to the environmental issues that are coming up (FÄ ±rat, 2013). There has therefore been a constant call to shift to energy saving machines especially the machines that are continuously done. Factual information shows that a single car generates half a ton of carbon dioxide within a very short time span. It is also estimated that there are 500 million cars in the world. The number is bound to double to more than a billion by 2030. This also means double pollution. There is rampant knowledge about use of environmentally friendly cars in the UK and therefore sensitization about the need to generate this type of car to capture this rapidly growing market. Solectrica cars are supposed to aim for this high reduction and there is even hope that some governments will effectively create regulations that will reduce manufacture of cars that are either using solar power or electric energy.